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DCS EVOLUTION
LOCAL CONTROL : Initially control was performed local to the equipment control. The ADVANTAGE was low wiring costs .DISADVANTAGES were - not much control, monitoring, alarming & history. CENTRALISED CONTROL: With the advent of minicomputer, sensors and actuators were into the Central Control (Computer). DISTRIBUTED CONTROL: With the advent of microcomputer, Distributed control systems were installed in the plants near to the control room via proprietary digital communications lines called as Data Hiway. First DCS was developed by Honeywell,U.S in 1975. The ADVANTAGES were greatly reduced wiring costs, much more limited failure and less cost to add more points. The DISADVANTAGES were that wiring costs were that wiring costs were still significant and there was lack of interoperability among controllers of various manufacturers due to the proprietary protocols. Hence the user was locked into a single vendor.
DCS
The importance of DCS systems to increase as global competitive dynamics in food and beverage, specialty metals, pulp and paper, pharmaceutical and fire chemical processing. The DCS has networking capabilities which are useful for business management. The DCS has capacity for processing large number of I/O points.
TYPES OF DCS : 1) Conventional DCS . 2) PLC based DCS. 3) Hybrid DCS. 4) Open DCS System
CONVENTIONAL DCS This is a pure Process only control system. Usually purchased from one vendor. This DCS arranged into three categories: Small - Less than $ 100,000. Medium - Greater than $100,000 & Less than $500,000. Large - Greater than $500,000. PLC Based DCS. This is a network of PLCs used to perform the task of conventional DCS and programmable functionality when required. Hybrid DCS. Performs both process and sequential control. Open DCS System. This is Field-Bus Control. Advantages are lower wiring cost and less failure, smaller expansion costs and multi vendor interoperability DCS and PLC can be more closely and efficiently interconnected.
HONEYWELL DCS
ARCHITECTURE AND FEATURES
US#1
US#2
HM LCN A
B
HG AMC
EC Link
Field Field
AMC
Data Hiway
Data Hiway
Data hiway provides communication link between hiway gateway, preferred access devices and process connecting box. Data hiway operates at 250 kbps. It is redundant pair of 75 ohm coax cable connected to box. It may be 20,000 feet long. There are 3 kinds of devices on the data hiway, 1. Respond only devices Ex:- A-MC (Advanced Multifunction controller) 2. Polled devices Ex:- PIUs (Process interface unit) 3. Preferred access devices
History Module
LCN Module. Stores process and system information that can be displayed. Based on microprocessors 68020. Winchester disk for data storage. Communicates with all Modules on the LCN. Stores history and general information.
Universal Station
Universal station (US) communicates with all modules on the LCN, process connected devices on the hiway via hiway gateway and UCN via network interface module (NIM). The following are the features of US, Intelligent man/machine interface in the TDC 3000 system. Stands on the LCN. Communicates with all Modules on LCN, process connected devices on the Hiway via Hiway Gateway. Provides comprehensive facilities to the process operator, process engineer and maintenance technician on the Universal Window. US provides comprehensive facilities to the following people, Process engineer Process operator Maintenance technician.
AMC
TDC 3000 controller
1. 2. Based on Motorola 68000 Microprocessor. Faster execution and control with 500 ms processing rate.
Multifunction Modulating, sequence, logic, I/O monitoring communication and diagnostic. Faster peer to peer communication over EC link ( 500 kbits/sec ). Proven control techniques
1. 2. Full function algorithms. Process oriented programming.
LCN devices US, AM, HM.
HONEYWELL - GUS
Printer
Drives
Printer
Universal Station
HM History Module
A
Local Control Network Network Interface Module NIM
B
HPM
HPM HPM
Global User Station History Modules Network Interface Modules Communication Subsystem - Local Control Network & Universal Control Network High Performance Process Manager
Processor Memory Cache Storage Video Colours Keyboard PIN Connection Cursor Control
: : : : : : : : :
Pentium Pro / 200MHZ 64MB RAM ECC 256KB ECC 2 GB hard disk drive, CD ROM, Cartridge Drive 21 high resolution screen 1280 * 1024 Pixels 256 color palette Integrated keyboard with mouse Built in Ethernet QWERTY & Mouse/Touch Screen
Peripherals supported Printer 8 * CD-ROM 1/4 Steamer Tape 3.5 Floppy Drive 100 Mb ZIP Drive Annunciator relay on the console-based keyboard
: :
Windows NT version 4.0 Provides real time data exchange between the network and all GUS functions.
History Modules
The History Modules is the bulk module that can be utilized by all module connected to the Local Control Network. It is as the name implies the mass memory of the TPS System. The memory components of this module are one 1.8 gigabyte Winchester discs. It is controlled by an M68040 microprocessor. This provides the module with significant computing power that this used to structure much of the incoming data and format it into a form for easy retrieval. The history in the model is provided by the History Module. Process variables are available for hourly, shift, daily and monthly average calculation and recording. All system event history such as process alarms, system status changes, and error messages are stored into the History Modules. Other modules have access to data in the History Modules for their functions. The History Module provides two functions, storage only and data structuring and storage. The data structuring and storage function provides much of the historical data of the process to which the system is connected.
The Network Interface Module (NIM) provides the link between the local Control Network and the Universal Control Network. As such it make the transition from the transmission technique and protocol or the Local Control Network to the transmission technique and the protocol of the Universal Control Network. The NIM provides access by LCN modules data from UCN resident devices. The NIM is available in the redundant configuration to provide continued operation in the event of the primary failure. It can also do event processing. There can be up to 10 redundant NIM pairs per LCN. A NIM can host upto 8000 tag names and supports a data transfer rate of 2400 parameters per second.
Communication Subsystem
Local Control Network (LCN)
The backbone of every TPS system is a communication network, known as Local Control Network. The LCN is a LAN through which TDC 3000 modules communicate with each other. The LCN is a broadcast type of LAN. It is high speed redundant communication bus that connect all the control room equipment. All information is transferred on the network at 5 million bits per sec.,serially. It is based on the IEEE 802.4 Token passing and Bus Standard. Each LCN device that is connected to the Local Control Network is called a module. Up to 64 modules may be connected to the Local Control Network in a TPS system. The Local Control Network is designated as the primary and the other as the back up. Local Control Network provides time synchronization for all modules.
Communication Subsystem
UCN Specifications
Parameter
Communication Protocol Data Rate Coax Cable Type Fibre Link Length Fibre Size
Specification
Conforms to IEEE 802.4 and equivalent ISO 8802/4 5 Mbits/Second RG-6 Quad Shield Maximum 2 Kilometres 62.5 Micron
ST Style Connectors
0 to 70 Degrees C 5 to 95% G3 (Harsh)
CE Compliance
Area Classification
The High Performance Process Manager is the latest in the Progression of High Performance control products offered by Honeywell for the application to Improve controlling of existing and new industrial processes. High Performance Process Manager is a fully integrated member of the TPS family. It is capable of : performing data acquisition and control functions fully communicating with operators and engineers at the GUSs and universal Work stations. Supporting higher-level strategies available on the Local Control Network through the Application Module and Host Computers.
HPM Architecture
NETWORK INTERFACE MODULE
UNIVERSAL CONTROL NETWORK
HPM COMMUNICATION PROCESOR (M68040 PROCESSOR) UCN Network Support Network Access to HPM Data Peer-to-Peer Communication Network Redundancy
HPM CONTROL PROCESSOR (M68040 PROCESSOR) Regulatory Control Interlock Logic Sequencing User Programming
HPM I/O LINK INTERFACE PROCESOR (80C32 PROCESSOR) High-Speed I/O Access For Communications and Control Functions
To other High-Performance Process Managers, Advanced Process Managers, Process Managers, safety Managers or Logic Managers
SP
PV 4-20 mA
OP
4-20 mA
FT E
FT E
FT E
FT E
FT E
LAN
FT E FT E FT E FT E
WAN
Server
ACE
Terminal Server
FSC
ControlNet
GUS
Process Controller
ControlNet
3rd Party Devices
Server Interfaces
Honeywell - S9000 LCS620, TDC3000 FSC, UDC, 7800, DPR Allen-Bradley OPC Client & Server Modicon, GE Fanuc and many more!
YOKOGAWA DCS
ARCHITECTURE AND FEATURES
B
HF BUS (1 Mbps) EFCD I/O #1 ncst I/O #2 ncst I/O #3 I/O #5 ncst I/O #4 A B NIO Bus
HF BUS : High frequency Bus: no. of station on HF Bus are 32 EOPS : Extended Operator station: Hard disk capacity of EOPS is 80 MB EFCD : Extended field control station : 80 laps per controller EFMS : Extended field mauture station Max 255 inputs EFGN : Extended field gateway unit ENGS : Engineering station NIO : Nest I/O bus. Closed loop control signal Through I/O NEST Monitoring signals Through I/O NEST
EFMS
EFGW
Third party system with PLC, Gas Analyser etc. thr RS 232C port At the rate of 9600 bps
OPERATOR/ENGINEERING STATION
HIS
DM Printer
PRT
HIS
HIS
PRT
Inkjet Printer
RIO BUS
NIU
NIU
HIS Human Interface Station. FCS Field Control Station. NIU Node Interface Unit. RIO Bus Remote I/O Bus.
FCS Components
Centum CS 3000 system features : Synthesis of DCS with Personal computers. Online Documentation. Powerful Operation and Monitoring Functions. Two Types of Control Station. Compact I/O Modules. Powerful Control and Communication Functions. Efficient Engineering. Virtual Test functions dont require Control Station hardware. Full-Featured Batch Package. CENTUM CS micro-XL Integration ( to be released ).
CGW
HIS
DM Printer
PRT
HIS
HIS
PRT
BCV
RIO BUS
NIU
CS, CS 1000 Centum XL, -V, -MXL HIS Human Interface Station. FCS Field Control Station. NIU Node Interface Unit. RIO Bus Remote I/O Bus. CGW Communication gateway unit BCV Bus Converter
NIU
HIS
HIS
HIS
V net
FCS
FCS
FCS
Redundancy in FCS
V net Communication
HIS
HIS
V net Protocol : IEEE802.4 Access Control : Token Passing Trans. Speed : 10 Mbps Trans. Distance: 500m to 20Km Media : Coaxial/optical fiber FCS FCS
V net specification
ITEM
Transmission route
SPECIFICATION
Coaxial or fiber optical cable
Type
Communication rate Transmission Distance
Redundancy
Proto type
Dual-redundant
Token passing
V- net Features
Real time control bus. ( Dual redundant possible ) Cable : 50 ohm coax. cable with BNC connector ( 10Base2 comp. ) Communication speed : 10 Mbps. High reliable token passing communication ( performance guaranteed ) Std. max. length : 185 m. BNC Connector Max. length : 20 Km ( with optical fiber ) 1.6 Km ( with coax. Repeater )
VL net cable VL net I/F card ( PCI )
AAM1O
AAM11 AAM21
Current/voltage Input module Current/Voltage Input Module mV, Thermocouple, and RTS input module Pulse Input Module Current Output Module Current/Voltage Output Module
MULTIPLEXER MODULES
Signal Type
Model
AMM12T AMM12C AAM22M Multiplexer Modules AMM22T AMM32T AMM42T AMM52T
Module Type
Voltage Input Multiplexer Module Voltage Input Multiplexer Module mV, Input Multiplexer Module Thermocouple Input Multiplexer Module RTS Input Multiplexer Module 2-Wire Transmitter input Multiplexer Module
I/O points
16 16 16 16 16 16
Module Type
Contact Input Module Contact Input Module
I/O points
16 32
ADM51T
Digital I/O ADM52T Modules ADM11C ADM12C ADM51C ADM52C
16
32 16 32 16 32
I/O Inputs
1ch
ACM12
ACF11 Communication ACM21 Cards ACM22
Model
Module Type
I/O Points
16
Ethernet
HIS and ENG, HIS and supervisory systems can be connected by an Ethernet LAN; supervisory computers and personal computers on the Ethernet LAN can access messages and trend data in the CS 3000 system. The Ethernet can also be used for sending trend data files from the HIS to supervisory computers, or for equalizing the data in the two HIS station ( rather than using the V net control bus to do this ). A system with only one HIS with engineering functions installed, does not need Ethernet but in general Ethernet ( and corresponding network engineering ) is required.
Ethernet Specification
ITEM
Transmission Route
SPECIFICATION
Coaxial or Fiber optical cable
Type
Communication Rate Transmission Distance
Redundancy
Proto type
Not available
CSMA/CD Type
TYPES OF HIS
Console type HIS Desk top type HIS PHIS Yokogawa brand OPS
HIS Hardware
CPU Main memory Hard disk Display Serial port Parallel port OS Operator stations Pentium 166 96MB or larger(for op & monitoring only) 1 GB or larger 256Colors min. resolution 800*600 1024*768 recommend(1280*1024 best) RS232C*1 or more (for operation keyboard) 1 port for printer or more Windows NT 4.0 Workstation Max. 8 stations
HIS
OPERATING HIS
ENGINEERING HIS
IDENTIFICATION NOS: 160,161.162 MAKE : YOKOGAWA, JAPAN PROCESSOR : P-II, 450MHz RAM : 128MB HARD DISK : 10GB MONITOR : 21" COLOUR MONITOR WITH TOUCH SCREEN FACILITY
HIS
HIS
HIS
V net
Sub system
Node
Sub system
Compact FCS
Standard FCS
Control Window
Graphic window
Ethernet
Exapilot client (engineering, operation)
HIS
ENG
Exaopc
Exapilot server (engineering, operation)
V-net
Features of Exapilot
Standardize and Automate Manual Procedures Improve Plant Operating Efficiency Improve safety of Plant Operation
ROSEMOUNT DCS
ARCHITECTURE AND FEATURES
Terminator
HMI
Control Valve
Safety Barrier
Pressure TX.
Field bus
It is a standardized digital communication protocol between a process Control field devices and the Control room. It is a simple pair of wires to power and carry the communication signal between the field devices and the Control room.
FEATURES : Drastic reduction in cable, conduits cable trays, marshallive racks, and connectors etc. Drastic reduction in installation cost. Fewer non field devices. More reliability due to the smaller number of devices. More efficient operation due to better accuracy (no A/D and D/A conversion). Easy integration into plant management system. Flexibility for different suppliers are interoperable and interchangeable. Major reduction in maintenance cost.
Field-bus Benefits
Wiring Traditional Field bus Savings Wire (pair) 3500 640 2860 82% Screw Terms 168 64 104 63% I/O Cards 2 1 1 50% IS Barriers 2 1 1 50%
Savings %
Savings $
$ 3000 Material $ 2000 Labor $ 5000 Total Typically comments from a plant personal : Easy to identify whats out there. Consistent calibration procedure. Two days versus four days to commission system. Familiar with twisted pair wiring comfortable.
Valve
Resource Block
FOUNDATION fieldbus
Function Block(s)
Transducer Block
Function Block(s)
Temperature Transmitter
H2 Segment
High speed Link multiple H1 Segments I/O subsystem bus Replace proprietary networks New wiring
H1/H2 Bridge
H1/H2 Bridge Replaces Traditional I/O
PLC
H1 Segment
H1 Segment
H1 Segment
ISA
International Society for Measurement and Control (formerly: Instrument Society of America)
SP50
CENELEC
European standards body
Parallel (competitive?) Working Groups to IEC
Junction Box
Cost savings: wiring I/O cards & cables terminations IS barriers marshaling FewerTerminations
Fewer Terminations
IS (Ex i) Barriers
Fewer IS barriers
Barriers
P S
A AA DDD I I O I I O
Serial
H1 Connector
H I
Fieldbus Transmitter 3244MVF1NAB4 Pressure Transmitter 3051TG2A2B21AB4M5FF Smart valve positioner FSDVC0400-201
Fieldbus Power
MIS
High
Level 4 Scheduling
SCHED.
Low
SUP.
SUP.
DDC
DDC
DDC
DDC
PLANT
Discrete
Analog
Byte-wide Data
Bit-wide data
Protocol Standard
Field Bus Foundation (Field Bus std.)
Seriplex
ASI
Inter Bus Loop
Fieldbus Architecture
Fieldbus is more than just a new signal communications protocol, but a whole new way to control the process. With the release of the low fieldbus (H1), the entire fieldbus will be defined. Most of the recent published literature has focused on the intricate details of the fieldbus architecture, especially those layers that have not been released. However, except physical layer and the user layer, these layer are transparent to the engineers and the manager.
Workstation
User Layer
Application Layer
Data Layer
Physical Layer
Network Management
System management
For the purpose of Process control, the top and bottom four layers are used. Layers 5 and 6 are important to large commercial networks.
Field Bus
Field Bus is a bi-directional digital communication that interconnects smart field devices to control system or to instrument located in the control room. Field Bus is based on the OSI (Open System Interconnect), which was developed by the ISO (International Standard Organization) to represent the various functions required in any Communication network.
Layer 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Link Physical Function Provides formatted data Converts data Handles the dialogue Secures the transport connection Establishes network connections Establishes the data link connection Connects the equipment
Field Bus
The OSI model consists of seven layers. However for real time application layers 3 to 6 are not considered since they deal with transference of data among networks. For such application following layers are used: LAYER 1 - PHYSICAL LAYER Defines the type of signal, transmitting medium, data transmission speed, etc. LAYER 2 DATALINK LAYER Define the interface between the physical layer and the application layer. It establishes how the messages shall be structured and normalizes the use of multiple masters. LAYER 3 APPLICATION LAYER Defines how data is specified, its addresses and its representation.
The Fieldbus was invented by an Indian engineer Mr. Ram Ramchandran ( M.S in Comp. Tech , Texas)
PHYSICAL LAYER
The Physical layer defines the medium that transport the messages frames, the signal shape and amplitude limits, data transfer rate, and power distribution. Technical Characteristics: Physical Medium Three types are defined: wires, optic fiber, and radio signals. The specification for wire has been already approved. Bit rate for wire media 31.25 Kbps (H1) 1 megabits and 2.5 megabits (H2). H1 and H2 are classification of the two hanks of Field Bus target applications. H1 has low speed and utilizes existing wires. H2 has high speed and may require independent wires to power up field devices. Number of devices per link (31.25Kbps) 2 to 32 devices, without power and no IS (intrinsic safety). 2 to 6 with power and IS. Maximum distance Up to 1900 meters for 31.25Kbps, without repeaters. Up to 750 meters for 1 megabits. Up to 500 meter for 2.5 megabits.
PHYSICAL LAYER
Signal Modulation Manchester bi phase L synchronous. Physical layer preamble on transmissions, the physical layer will add to the data sent by the layer above a preamble and one start delimiter in the beginning of the frame and one end delimiter at the end delimiter at the end of the of the frame.
Technical characteristics Medium Access: There are three forms to access the network: Token passing: Token is the right to initiate a transaction on the bus. A device must have the token to initiate a conversation. As soon it finishes it will return the token to the LAS (Link Active Scheduler). The LAS send the token to the unit that requested in either in a pre-configured way or via scheduling. Immediate response: A master station will give an opportunity to the station to reply with one frame. Requested token: a device request a token by using a code in any of the response sent to the bus. The LAS will hear this request and will then send a token to the device when there is time available in the aperiodic traffic scheduling phase.
IEEE
SP72 SP50 F.I.P Profibus WorldFIP ISP
HART Protocol Structure : HART follows the basic Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model, developed by the International Organization for Standard (ISO). The HART protocol uses a reduced OSI model, implementing only layers 1,2 and 7
LAYER
7 6 5 4 3 2 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Link
FUNCTIONS
Provides formatted data Converts data Handles the dialogue Secures the transport connection Establishes network connections Establishes the data link connection
HART
HART instructions
Physical
Bell 202
SD start character. AD display terminal and field addresses. CD HART instruction. BC Byte count. Status Field device and communication status (only from field device to master) The individual characters are : 1 start bit, 8 data bits, 1 bit for odd parity and 1 stop bit.
Layer 7, the application layer, brings the HART instruction into play. The master sends messages with requests for specified values, actual values and any other data or parameters available from the device. The field device interprets these instruction as defined in the HART protocol. The response message provides the master with the status information and data from the slave. For slave devices, logical uniform communication is provided by the following command sets: Universal commands understood by all field devices. Common practice commands provide functions which can be carried out by many, though not all, field devices. Drive-specific commands provide functions which are restricted to an individual device.
DATA INTEGRITY Physical layer : Error rate destination circuit : 1/(10^5) Link layer : Recognizes : all groups up to 3 corrupt bits and practically all longer and multiple groups. Application layer : Communication status terminated in a response message.
MODBUS
The MODBUS protocol describes an industrial communication and distributed control system developed by Gould-Modicon. MODBUS is a Master/Slave communications protocol, whereby one device (Master), controls all serial activities by selectively polling one or more slave devices. The protocol provides for one master device and up to 247 slave devices on a common line. Each device is assigned an address to distinguish it from all other connected device. Only a master initiates a transaction. Transactions are either a query/response type, or a broadcast/no-response type. A transaction comprises a single query and single response frame or a single broadcast frame. Certain characteristic of a MODBUS protocol are fixed such as frame format, frame sequences, handling of communication errors and exception conditions, and the functions performed. Other characteristics are user selectable. These include a choice of transmission media, baud rate, character parity, no. of stop bits and the transmission modes. The user selected parameter are set at each station. These parameter cannot be changed while the system is running
RS-232 Communication
RS-232 is an asynchronous communication network. Normally, a binary system is used to transmit data in ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) format. This code translates human readable code (letter/numbers) into computer readable code(1s and 0s). There are 2 types of RS-232 devices. The first is called a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) device and a common example is a computer. The other type of device is called DCE (Data Communication Equipment) device and a common example is a modem. In RS-232 the first thing a terminal send is start bit. This start bit is a synchronizing bit added just before each character being send. The last thing send is a stop bit. This stop bit informs to the receiving terminal that the last character has just being send.
RS-232 Communication
RS-232 communication is done through Serial port which usually has a 9-pin configuration. The pin and their purposes are shown below.
9-PIN
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
PURPOSE
Frame ground Receive data (RD) Transmit data (TD) Data terminal ready (DTR) Signal ground (GND) Data set ready (DSR) Request to send (RTS) Clear to Send (CTS) Ring indicator (RI) *only for modems*
9-Pin D Connector
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
PC-to-Phone
The Internet PC Local ISP Local ISP Voice Gateway Phone
Phone-to-Phone
Phone
Operator Console
Engineer Console
Operator Console
Console Level
I/O Modules
Transmitter
Interlock
I/P Valve
HMI 1 2 3
-----------------------
Planning HMI 4 5 6
Drivers
Devices I/O
PLC
DCS
HMI 1 2 3
----------------------------------
Planning HMI
Devices
I/O PLC DCS
Windows NT
Control network
Windows NT Interconnectivity
Transparent inter-connectivity to typical business systems in plants: 1) ODBC : It provides access to most SQL databases. 2) ActiveX/OLE : Supports data access between application and embedding of one applications function within another. 3) DDE : Dynamic Data Exchange supports simple data exchange between applications such as plant data populating an Excel spread sheets.
Windows NT features
Windows NT is gaining ground in open control because of the following advantages : User acceptance. Corporate interoperability Ease of use. Connectivity. Scalability for small and large application.
However, Windows NT has the following disadvantages : Needs a lot memory and processing power. Optimized for office, not control, requirements. Requires a disk drive which may fail. Depends on single vendor. Reboots at unexpected times Unstable operating system.
Ethernet
Ethernet was originally designed by Digital, Intel and Xerox (DIX) in the early 1970s and has been designed as a broadcast system. The original format for Ethernet was developed in Xerox Palo Alto Research center (PARC), California in 1972. The two inventors were Robert Metcalf and David Boggs. Ethernet version 1.0 and 2.0 followed until the IEEE 802.3 committee re-jigged the Ethernet II packet to form the Ethernet 802.3 packet. Nowadays you will see either Ethernet II (DIX) format or Ethernet 802.3 format being used. The Ether part of Ethernet denotes that the system is not meant to be restricted only to one medium type, copper cables, fiber cables and even radio waves can be used. Briefly, stated Ethernet what is referred to as the Physical layer and the Data-link layers protocols. The physical layer defines the cable types, connectors and electrical characteristics. The Data link layer defines the format an Ethernet frames, the error checking method and the physical addressing method. As Ethernet is only a Physical/Data link layer other protocols need to be added on top of it to address the issues of routing, end-to-end data integrity and house specific network task are carried out.
Ethernet
10Base5 Traditionally, Ethernet is used over thick coaxial cable called 10Base5 ( the 10 denotes 10 Mbps, base means that the signal is baseband i.e, takes the whole bandwidth of the cable, 5 denotes 500m maximum length ). The minimum length between stations is 2.5m. The cable is run in one long length forming a Bus Topology. The segments are terminated by 50 ohm resistor and the shield should be grounded at one end only.
10Base2
Thin Ethernet (Thinnet) uses RG-58 cable and is called 10Base2 (the 2 denotes 200 mtr maximum length cable). Each station connects to the Thinnet by way of Network Interface Card (NIC). At each station the Thinnet terminates at a T-piece and at each end of the Thinnet run a 50 ohm terminator is required to absorb stray signals thereby preventing signal bounce.
Ethernet
10BaseT Nowadays, it is becoming increasingly important to use Ethernet across Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) or Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), this being called 10BaseT (the T denotes twisted pair). UTP is installed in star wire format and Ethernet Hubs with UTP ports (RJ45) centrally located. Also there should be no more than a 11.5db signal loss and the minimum distance between devices is 2.5 meters. The advantages of the UTP/STP technology are gained from the flexibility of the system, with respect to moves, changes, fault finding, reliability and security. 10BaseF 10BaseF standard developed by IEEE 802.3 committee defines the use of Fiber for Ethernet. 10BaseFB allows up to 2 Km per segment and is defined for Backbone application such as cascading repeaters. 10BaseFL describes the standards for the Fiber optic links between stations and repeaters allowing up to 2 Km per segment on multimode Fiber.
Ethernet
The following table shows the RJ45 pin outs for 10BaseT :
RJ45 Pin
1 2
Function
Transmit Transmit
Colour
White/Orange Orange/White
3
4 5
Receive
White/Green
Blue/White White/Blue
6
7 8
Receive
Green/White
White/Brown Brown/White
RJ45
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ethernet Topology
Segmented (star) topology Bus topology
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Workstation
Switched Hub
Controller
Controller
Controller
Controller
Wireless LAN
Wireless LAN is based on standard IEEE 802.11b which throughput of up to 11Mbps in the 2.4 Ghz band. Similar Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) are Bluetooth and Infrared. Ethernet works on the CSMA/CD technology but wireless LAN has difficulty of detecting collision in Radio frequency. Therefore they are using CSMA/CA (Collision Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance) technology to transmit data. Physical Layer is either Photonic or Radio frequency.
OP Client
OPC server
SCADA server
Real-time database
opc
Modbus
comli
Allen Bradley
Protocol Protocol xx yy
GE Fanuc
ABB
Siemens
The open, manufacturer-independent programming standard for automation is IEC 61131-3. You can thus choose what configuration interface you wish to use when writing your application : Ladder Diagram Instruction List Function Block Diagram Sequential Function Chart Structured Text All users, be they plant electrician or computer scientists, thus have a configuration interface in which they can feel at home.
Industrial IT Trends
The availability of information is becoming increasingly crucial in the view of growing global competition. In future, a decisive competitive edge can only be achieved by providing the right information at the right time, in the right place and in the right form for the right person. these leading- edge application are continuously optimized and repositioned. Industrial IT consists of five components:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Engineering IT Operation IT Production IT Optimization IT Evolution / Information
Industrial IT Trend
Business Systems
Distribution
Plant