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Computer Hardware Requirements for Real Time applications

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Although almost any digital computer can be used for real time computer control and other real time operations , they are not all equally easily adapted for such work. the majority of embedded computer-based systems the computer used will be a microprocessor , a microcomputer or a specialised digital processor. digital processorsdigital signal processors

In

Specialised Fast

Parallel

computers- transputer and special RISC(reduced instruction set computers)

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General purpose computer

The

general purpose microprocessors include

-Intel XX86 series -Motorola 680XX series -National 32XXX series -Zilog Z80 and Z8000 series.

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Schematic diagram of a general purpose digital computer GENERA L PURPOS E REGIST ER ALU CONTR OL
DATA

ADDRESS

CONTROL

MAIN MEMORY

INPUT/OUTPU T INTERFACE PERIPHER ALS

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Central Processing Unit

CPU=ALU+

register

Control unit + general purpose

ALU>carry

out arithmetic and logic

operations
General

purpose registers>storing data temporarily while being processed. unit>supervises the operations within the CPU.--fetches program instructions from main memory --decodes the instructions

Control

-- and sets up necessary data paths and timing cycles for execution of the

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The

choice of computer for process control include: --wordlength; --instruction set; --addressing methods; --no of registers; --information transfer rate; --interrupt structure;

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Storage
1.Fast

access storage- contains data , pgm and results which are currently being operated on. RAM(random access mem) ROM(read-only mem) PROM(programmable ROM) EPROM(electronically PROM)

2.Auxiliary

storage-

Disc or magnetic tape.

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Input and Output:

Process I/O; Operator I/O ; Computer I/O; Mechanical(physical) structure; electrical;and Funtional.

Bus Structure:

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Bus lines can be divided into three functional groups

Address Data

lines;

lines; and status lines;

Control

Single-chip microcomputers and microcontrollers

All

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the components necessary for a complete computer are provided on one single chip. microcontroller is similarly a single-chip device that is specifically intended for embedded computer control applicatios. microcomputer is that it typically will have on board the chip a multiplexed.

The

The

A typical single chip computer oscilla tor Control Procesi ng unit Program store EPROM (4 kbytes) Data store RAM (128 bytes) External

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Hardware timers Interrupt controller Serial communication controller i/o ports (4)

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Specialised processors
Developed for two main purposes:
Safety-critical Increased

applications;

computation speed.

for safety-critical applications the approach has been to simplify the instruction set so called reduced instruction set computer(RISC). Advantage:

Formal verification(using mathematical proofs). It is easier to write assemblers and

Example- viper(cullyer,1988;dettmer, 1986)

Main features are:
Formal

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logic.

mathematical description of processor

Integer

arthmatic(32bits)and no floating point operations. interrupts- all event handling is done using polling dynamic memory allocation.

No

No

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Parallel computer
Three categories: SIMD (single instruction stream, multiple data stream.) MISD (multiple instruction stream, single data stream.) MIMD (multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream.)

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Control unit

instructi Processo ons r unit da memta ory

SISD computer

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Control unit 1 Control unit 2 Control unit n

instruction s Stream 1 instruction s Stream 2

Processor unit 1 Processor unit 2 Processor unit 3

Memo ry unit

instruction s Stream n

MISD computer

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proces sors Unit 1 Contr ol unit Unit 2 Unit n

dat a Stream 1 dat a Stream 2

dat a Stream n

Shared Memory Or InterConnecti on Network

SIMD computer

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Control unit 1 Control unit 2 Control unit n

instruction s Stream 1 instruction s Stream 2

proces sors dat Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit n

a

dat a

instruction s Stream n

dat a

Shared Memory Or InterConnecti on Network

MIMD computer

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MIMD
MIMD systems are obviously the most powerful class of parallel computers in that each processor can potentially be executing a different pgm on a different data set. The most widely available MIMD system is INMOS transputer. it has
A

CPU. memory. memory interface.

On-board External

Communication

links for direct pt-pt connection to other transputer chips.

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INMOS

developed a special programming language, occam, for use with the transputer. is based on the assumption that the application to be implemented on transputer can be modelled as a set of processes that communicate with each other via channels

Occam

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Digital signal processors

Speech

processing

Telecommunications Radar

hi-fi systems