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EPRI/ARO CINS Initiative CDNA Consortium CMU, RPI, TAMU, Wisconsin, UIUC
Prof. Pradeep Khosla Prof. Bruce Krogh Dr. Eswaran Subrahmanian Prof. Sarosh Talukdar
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
CDNA Objective
s
Improve
x
x
s
agility and robustness (survivability) of large-scale dynamic networks that face new and unanticipated operating conditions. U.S. Power Grid Local networks
Target Networks:
x x
CDNA Approach
s
Improve
x
decision-making competence of components distributed throughout the network, particularly existing and future control devices, such as relays, voltage regulators and FACTS.
Why CDNA?
s
infeasible in many situations because of the distribution of information and growing number of independent decision makers on the grid intractable - robust control algorithms simply dont scale, the problems are NP hard undesirable - we contend that centralized solutions are less robust against major network upsets and less adaptive to new situations
control devices are already pre-programmed for anticipated situations BUT one-size fits all strategies are conservative in most cases, and wrong in some (the most critical!) situations necessary communication and computation technology for CDNA exists today
modeling
x x x x
state estimation
x x x
using local information network state estimation real-time constraints adaptive mode switching coverage
hybrid control
x x
learning
x x
distributed learning state-space decomposition collaboration strategies moving off-line techniques for asynchronous algorithms online
coordination
x x
Objectives
s
Research goal is to show how all standard functions built on a power flow calculation can be accomplished without a large area (centralized) model and computer system Each region of the power system retains its own control system, models it own power network and communicates with immediate neighbors Functions that now require central computing
x x x
R E G IO N A CON TR OL SYSTEM
R E G IO N E CON TR OL SYSTEM
R E G IO N A CONTROL SYSTEM
- Aggregate has same functionality as large area control system - Can new functionality be added that would not be available in a central system?
R E G IO N E CONTROL SYSTEM
Collaborative Nets
Eduardo Camponogara and Sarosh Talukdar Institute for Complex Engineered Systems Carnegie Mellon University
Limitations:
s
s s
No organization can cope with all operating goals Need of diverse skills Multitudes of agents
Control Solution:
s
Organization: Agent:
A network of agents and communication links. Any entity that makes and implements decisions such as relays, control devices, and humans.
Goals
Reaction Time
Current Scenario:
s s s
Agents in separate organizations do not talk Agents might work at cross-purpose Organizations might interfere with one another
How do we make individual agents more effective? How do we prevent interference between organizations?
C-Net
C-Net
Agents are autonomous within the C-Net. They have initiative, make and implement decisions. Agents collaborate with their neighbors. The collaboration protocol determines: x what information is exchanged, x in which way, and x how agents make use of it.
Advantages:
s s s
Disadvantages:
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No structural coordination. if necessary, it can emerge from the collaboration protocol. Unfamiliar.
The steps of the rolling horizon formulation: 1.) Choose a horizon [t0,..,tN], I.E. a set of time
points where t0 is the current time. 2.) Let x(tn) be the state predicted at time tn. x(t0) is the current state. 3.) Let u(tn) be the planned actions at time tn. 4.) Let X=[x(t0),,x(tN)] and U=[u(t0),,u(tN)] 5.) Choose a model to predict x(tn+1) from x(tn) and u(tn). Possibly, a discrete approximation of the dynamic equations (e.g., Eulers step).
A model is used to predict the future state of the physical network over a set of discrete points in time (horizon). An optimization procedure computes the control actions, over the horizon, that minimize error. Design Issues:
s
Steps of the Algorithm: 1.) The current time it t0. 2.) Sense the current state x(t0) 3.) Instantiate the static optimization problem (P). 4.) Solve (P) to obtain the control actions U=[u(t0),,u(tN)]. 5.) Implement the control action u(t0). 6.) Pause and let the physical network progress in time. The horizon rolls forward. 7.) Repeat from step 1.
The horizon has to be long enough to avoid present actions with poor long-term effects. Accuracy of the prediction model.
Control
t0 now
t1
t2
t3
t4
Time
Control
plans at t0
plans at t1
t0
t1 now
t2
t3
t4
Time
It has partial perception of, and limited authority over, the physical network.
Exact: If its not sensitive to remote vars. The matching between agent-m and its subproblem (Pm) fm = fm(Xm,Um,Ym) Hm = Hm(Xm,Um,Ym) Gm = Gm(Xm,Um,Ym) Near: If it is weakly sensitive to remote vars.
Collaboration Protocols
A protocol prescribes: a) the data exchanged by agents, b) in which way, and c) how agents use the data to solve their problems. Voting In setting the values of its controls, each agent takes the votes of its neighbors into account. Two protocols Proximate Exchange Each agent broadcasts its plans to nearby agents which, in turn, take these plans into account. Semi-synchronous, semi-parallel (mutual help). Synchronization between neighbors. Parallel work if agents are non-neighbors. Asynchronous, parallel.
s no sr e V i
6.) Serial Work: The agents run the semi-synchronous, semi-parallel protocol.
A prototypical network: A forest of pendulums. - One agent at each pend. - Agents control two forces: Horizontal & Orthogonal. - Agents collaborate with nearest neighbors.
f ( x, u ) =
h ( x, x , u ) = 0
t =0
x ~ dt + b x
2
t =0
u 2 dt
A centralized, nonlinear optimization package that solve the stat. opt. prob. (P). A centralized, feedback linearization controller. A collaborative net, with one agent at each pendulum, that solves {(Pm)}.
C2
C-Net
Number of Pendulums
f ( x, u ) =
t =
t =0
2 x ~ dt + b x
t =
t =0
u 2 dt
Objective Function Evaluation: f(x,u) C2 (feedback lin) 9.56 10.49 17.05 82.64 C-Net 11.89 12.32 16.00 32.07
The lower the f(x,u), the better the solution C-Net performance improves
Pendulums under control of the C-Net The C-Net waits until it becomes cheaper to drive pendulums.
Conclusion
The experiments show that C-Nets are promising. Current research effort:
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Development of collaboration protocols that allow agents to work asynchronously and in parallel, at their own speed. - Use of safety margins to guarantee feasibility, and foster effective work between slow and fast agents. A taxonomy of collaboration protocols.
Employed C-Nets to recover synchronous operation of generators in power networks IEEE-14, -30, -57. Preliminary work on the decomposition of (P) into {(Pm)}: - Models and algorithms to specify neighborhood perception.
controllers u1
C1 C1 Cn
u1
PLANT
un
performance monitors
M1 M1 Mn Decision Module