Pre-Basic Electronics Lesson

ES 104

Laboratory Safety Measures

Work only in clean dry areas. Do not wear loose or flapping clothing. Wear only nonconductive shoes. Remove all rings, wristwatches, bracelets, ID chains and tags,

and similar metal items. Do not use bare hands to remove hot parts. Use a shorting stick to remove high voltage charges on capacitors. Make certain that the equipment being used is properly grounded. If more than 50V are to be used in the work, at least two other people must be present in the lab, including an instructor. Always wire a circuit completely before connecting it to the power source.

Laboratory Safety Measures

Review the wiring to avoid damage to components due to

accidentally misplacing the wire in the circuit. Provide a switch within easy access with which the circuit can be de-energized. Turning off a power supply while the circuit is still connected to it can damage components as current and/or voltage spikes can occur as the supply turns off. Remove and replace fuses only after the power to the circuit has been de-energized. Make sure all equipment is properly grounded. Use extreme caution when removing or installing batteries containing acid. In case of an electrical fire, de-energize the circuit and report it immediately to the appropriate authority.

HIGH VOLTAGE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Consider the result of each act.
Keep away from live circuits. Do not work alone. Do not tamper with interlocks. Do not ground yourself. Never energize equipment in the presence of water

leakage.

First Aid For Electrical Shock

Turn power OFF & remove victim from electric contact. Do Not touch victim until power is removed. Apply artificial respiration if not breathing. Keep victim warm. Keep victim head low so blood can flow to brain. Avoid placing victim where breathing obstruction may occur. Cold water or ice pack for first degree and minor second degree. Dont break blisters ! For open blistersno water or cold packsuse thick clean bandages to avoid infection. Do not remove charred clothing ..let a medical pro do it..

Body Resistance & Shock

Dry skin resistance: 100,000 to 600,000 Ohms Wet skin resistance: 1,000 Ohms Internal body.hand to foot: 400 to 600

Ohms Ear to ear: about 100 Ohms Burns and neurological damage are the most common injuries caused by electrical shock
THE DANGER OF HARMFUL SHOCK INCREASES AS THE VOLTAGE INCREASE VOLTAGES AS LOW AS 30V Can Be Dangerous !!

Number 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 6 10 9 10 12 10 15 10 18 10 21 10 24

Metric and Prefix Prefix Symbol Number Prefix Symbol Notations

deka- da hecto- h 10 -1 10 -2 deci- d centi- c

kilomegagigaterapetaexazetayotta-

k M G T P E Z Y

10 -3 10 -6 10 -9 10 -12 10 -15 10 -18 10 -21 10 -24

millimicronanopicofemtoattozeptoyocto-

m (greek mu) n p f a z y

Note: Symbols in red are most usedknow them

Instruments

Multimeter voltage current resistance

Voltage tester voltage level rugged construction

Clip-on ammeter measures current without direct connection

Digital circuit probe measures digital logic levels

Oscilloscope used to measure and examine voltage waveforms

GENERIC CIRCUIT
Control Device Load Device

Electron current flow Power Source

Conductor

Protective Device

CURRENT MEASUREMENT
Connected in Series

Circuit Schematic

AMMETER

VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
- Connected in parallel to measure lamp voltage. - Connected in parallel to measure battery voltage. VOLTMETER

VOLTMETER

RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Measured with an Ohmmeter (multimeter used as an ohmmeter)

Ohmmeters should never be connected to live circuits!

Meter Safety

Never use an ohmmeter on a live circuit Never connect an ammeter in parallel with a voltage source Use proper range settings: Do NOT overload a meter Do not short terminals using meter probes Never measure unknown high voltages: find out the range before attaching a meter Check for frayed or broken meter leads Avoid touching exposed meter probes If possible, connect meter before applying power to circuit When connecting a meter to a live circuit work with one hand at your side to lessen the danger of shock To reduce the danger of accidental shock, disconnect meter test leads immediately after completing a measurement

Series Circuit
Same current through each component Sum of voltage drops = supply voltage (Kirchoff Voltage Law) Largest resistance has the

largest voltage drop. Add resistance

Lowers current

IT

One open the circuit fails. The total resistance is the sum of all resistors: RT = R1 + R2 + R3

mple Series Circuit 1

Voltage R1 R2 R3 Total

Current

Resistance

Power

12 V 6V 42 V

3 mA 3 mA 3 mA 3 mA

4 k 2 k 14 k 20 k

36 mW 18 mW 126 mW 180 mW

60 V

mple Series Circuit 2

Voltage R1 R2 Total

Current

Resistance

Power

24 V 0 24 V

0 0 0

Infinite (open) 4 Infinite

0 0 0

mple Series Circuit 3

Voltage R1 R2 R3 Total

Current

Resistance

Power

40 V 20 V 0 60 V

10 mA 10 mA 10 mA 10 mA

4 k 2 k

400 mW 200 mW

0 (Short) 0 mW 6 k 600 mW

Troubleshooting
Series Circuit Open:

No current Source voltage at the open Rest are zeros Current Increase V is zero at the short

Short

Parallel Circuit
Same Voltage across all components Smallest resistance, most current. Add a branch: Increase Current Decrease Overall Resistance One branch opens, current is smaller than normal. Resistance of Network is less than smallest resistor

Parallel Resistor Network

IT VT I1 R1 I2 R2 I3 R3 IN RN

From Kirchoffs Current Law: From Ohms Law: VT R1 1 = R1 + VT R2 1 +

IT = I1 + I2 + I3 + ------ + IN I = V/R and R = V/I VT R3 1 + ---- + VT RN 1 VT

IT

+ ---- +

R2

R3
1

RN

RT = VT / IT

1 + 1 + 1 + ---- + 1 R2 R1 R3 RN

mple Parallel Circuit

Voltage R1 R2 R3 Total

Current

Resistance

Power

24 V 24 V 24 V 24 V

3A 1.5 A 1A 5.5 A

8 16 24 4.36

72 W 36 W 24 W 132 W

EFFECT OF A SHORT CIRCUIT ACROSS PARALLEL BRANCHES

Circuit breaker Breaker opens closed Current jumps to max value
Voltage drops

Switch Switch open closed

Troubleshooting
Parallel Short: Fuse blows Open: Less current

KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW

V1 = 4V

V2 = 8V

V3 = 12V

VT = 24V

VT = V1 + V2 +V3

V T - V 1 - V 2- V 3 = 0 +24V - 4V - 8V - 12V = 0

KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW

IT
(22A) (12A)

I1

(6A)

I2

(4A)

I3

(6A) (10A)

(4A)

IT = I1 + I 2 + I3

IIN = IOUT

Various resistors types

When measuring resistance, remove component from the circuit.

Resistor Color Code

DC vs. AC

CYCLE
One complete wave of alternating current or voltage

SOLVING EXAMPLE

Vpeak = Vrms x 1.414 Vpeak = (120 V) (1.414) Vpeak = 170 V

Vp-p = Vpeak x 2
Vp-p = (170 V) x (2) Vp-p = 340 V

FREQUENCY
The number of cycles produced per second

Frequency =

1 Period

F =

1 T

1 0.25 s

= 4 Hz

Common Circuit Symbols

K1
U2
TRIODE_VIRTUAL

Triode Quartz Crystal Resistor

RELAY1A

Relay
Key = a C350% 100pF

Variable Capacitor
12V Battery V2

Fuse
FUSE S1
LED_blue LED1

X1

J1 Current 1mA 0mA

CRYSTAL_VIRTUAL

R5
1kohm

Controlled Switch
D1 1BH62

LightEmitting Diode(LED) Normally Closed Pushbutton Switch

Diode
1V 1000Hz 0Deg V3

Key = Space J4

U3
IN+ VS+ OUT INVS-

Operational Amplifier Single Pole Single Throw Normally Open Variable Inductor

OPAMP_5T_VIRTUA L

Voltage 1V 0V Controlled Switch

D2
02BZ2.2

J2

Alternating Current Source

2

Key = Space S2 L2

Zener Diode Normally Open Pushbutton Switch Potentiometer

0.047F C2 www.spacetec.org

Ground

Full Wave Rectifier

D3

1B4B42

1 Key = a 50% 100mH T1 1mH

. .

Lamp
100V_100W X2

Q1 2N2222A

NPN Transistor PNP Transistor Darlington FZT705 Q5 PNP Transistor

Inductor
Transformer Air Gap
Key = Space J3

Opto Coupler
OPTOCOUPLER_VIRTUAL U1

2N3906 Q3

NLT_VIRTUAL

Transformer Iron Core

Key = a 50% 100K_LIN R2

Electrolytic Capacitor

IDEAL TRANSFORMER

Power in = Power out

V x I primary = V x I secondary
(120 V) (0.625 A) = (15 V) x (5 A) 75 VA = 75 VA

The basis for transformer operation is mutual inductance

EXAMPLE 31-2

50 NP = Turns ratio = = 1:2 NS 100 VS = 2 x 120 V = 240 V

EXAMPLE 31-3

NP 100 = 20:1 Turns ratio = = 5 NS 240 V = 12 V VS = 20

EXAMPLE 31-4
VS IS = RL 60 V = 25 = 2.4 A

IP = 5 x I S = 5 x 2.4 A = 12 A

Circuit Protection
Fuses
Circuit breakers Overload Thermal shunt

OVERLOADED CIRCUIT
360 W 120 V 120 W 120 V 1440 W 120 V 120 W 120 V 600 W 120 V

3A

1A

12 A

1A

5A

Total power = 2640 W

Branch circuit rating: 15 A / 120 V 1500 W

Total current = 22 A

FUSES
Ferrule-contact cartridge fuse OR

Fuse symbol Knife-blade cartridge fuse

Glass cartridge fuse

Plug fuse

CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Circuit breaker symbol

Light duty Heavy duty

High-voltage

CURRENT RATINGS
Rated current
20 15

Rated current

Plastic automotive fuse

Household circuit breaker

USING AN OHMMETER TO TEST FUSES

Zero resistance reading 0

Good

TYPES OF CONTACTS
Single-pole, double-throw (SPDT)

Double-pole, single-throw (DPST)

Double-pole, double-throw (DPDT)

AWG WIRE SIZES

The larger the gauge number the smaller the actual diameter of the conductor. The primary cable selection criteria are current rating and allowable voltage drop

Capacitor
is used to store charge for a short amount of time

Capacitor Battery

Unit = Farad Pico Farad - pF = 10-12F Micro Farad - uF = 10-6F

Capacitor

Prototyping Board/ Breadboard

Example of how components are Inserted in the protoboard