PRESENTATION ON

VAPOUR ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS

RIT

ROORKEE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MANISH BHATT M E IIIrd YEAR

TO : Mr. H S SIDDIQUI
FACULTY RAC DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING RIT ROORKEE

Refrigeration

Refrigeration A process where heat is transferred from a one space at a certain temperature - to another space at different - temperature level by doing work on a system.

Refrigeration
Basic Refrigeration Methods There are many means to obtain refrigeration effect, but only the 2 basic methods are introduced here: 1. Mechanical refrigeration (vapor compression system) 2. Absorption refrigeration system

Both the methods use similar processes for obtaining refrigeration effect: Evaporation in the evaporator Condensation in the condenser where heat is rejected to the environment Expansion in a flow restrictor

Refrigeration
Main differences: Is in the way compression [-method of transforming low pressure vapor into high pressure vapor in refrigeration system] is being done: Mechanical refrigeration (Vapor compression system) - Compressor is used Absorption refrigeration system - Absorb vapor in liquid while removing heat - Elevate pressure of liquid with pump - Release vapor by applying heat

Natural Refrigerators

Mechanical Refrigerators

Gas Refrigerators

Vapour Refrigerators

Vapour Compression Refrigerators

Vapour Absorption Refrigerators

Vapour absorption REFRIGERATIOn system

Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration

Evaporator

Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration

Absorber

Type of Refrigeration
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration
High pressure generator

Type of Refrigeration Vapour Absorption Refrigeration

Condenser

Absorption Refrigeration
solution heat heat high pressure vapor generator throttling valve expansion valve condenser

heat

heat

absorber

evaporator

low pressure vapor

pump

Absorption Refrigeration System

Two main absorption systems are used in industrial application: 1. Lithium bromide-water - limited to evaporation temperatures above freezing because water is used as the refrigerant.
2.

Ammonia-water - Because ammonia is the refrigerant it can be applied for low temperature requirements.

Ammonia Water Absorption System

ammonia vapor + small amt of water

cooling fluid analyzer water rich liquid rectifier

condenser

heat source

generator ammonia vapor + solution heat exchanger cooling fluid

COOLED FLUID
pump absorber evaporator

Absorption Refrigeration System

Ammonia-Water Absorption System Refrigerant is ammonia Absorbent is dilute aqueous solution of ammonia Water (the absorbent) is also volatile, so the regeneration of weak water solution to strong water solution is fractional distillation Ammonia vapor from the evaporator and the weak water solution from the generator are producing strong water solution in the absorber. Strong water solution is separated in the rectifier producing: (1) ammonia with some water vapor content (2) very strong water solution at the bottom, in the generator

Absorption Refrigeration System

Ammonia-Water Absorption System (cont) Heat in the in the generator vaporizes ammonia and the weak solution returns to absorber. Other stream, mostly ammonia vapor but with some water vapor content flows to the condenser. To remove water as much as possible, stream passes through analyzer where it is additionally cooled. The remaining water escaped from the analyzer pass as liquid through the condenser and the evaporator to absorber. Operation pressure about 1100 2100 kpa absolute in condenser.

Absorption Refrigeration Systems

Refrigeration in which there is a source of inexpensive thermal energy

at a temperature of 100 to 200 C is absorption refrigeration The refrigerant is absorbed by a transport medium and compressed in liquid form. The most widely used absorption refrigeration system is the ammonia water system where ammonia serves as the refrigerant and water as the transport medium Other absorption refrigeration systems include water-Lithium bromide where water serves as a refrigerant.

Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Highly compressed fluids tend to get colder when allowed to expand If pressure high enough Compressed air hotter than source of cooling Expanded gas cooler than desired cold temperature

Mechanical Refrigeration (vapor compression system)

Equipment 1. Compressors This could be classified by one criteria (the way the increase in pressure is obtain): 1. positive displacement (reciprocating and rotary) 2. dynamic (centrifugal) Using other criteria compressors are classified as: 1. Open Characterized by shaft extension out of compressor where it is coupled to the driver 2. Semi-hermetic Electric motor is in the same housing with compressor mechanism, but housing is tightened by screw 3. Hermetic Same as semi-hermetic but have welded housing (enclosure)

Mechanical Refrigeration (vapor compression system)

Equipment (cont) 2. Condensers These are heat exchangers that convert refrigerant vapor to liquid. Heat is tranferred in 3 main phases: 1. desuperheating 2. condensing 3. subcooling The 3 main types of refrigeration condensers are: 1. air cooled 2. water cooled 3. evaporative with dedicated cooling tower

Mechanical Refrigeration (vapor compression system)

Equipment 3. Evaporators These are heat exchangers where refrigerant is evaporated while cooling the product, fluid or body. Refrigeration evaporators could be classified according to the method of feed as direct (dry expansion) or recirculating ( flooded /liquid overflow) system.

Refrigeration
Compression
1. Mechanical (Vapor compression) - Compressor 2. Absorption - Absorb vapor in liquid while removing heat - Elevate pressure of liquid with pump - Release vapor by applying heat 3. Steam jet (ejector) - ejector
high pressure vapor condenser

expansion valve

evaporator low pressure vapor

Mechanical Refrigeration (vapor compression system)

Most widely used refrigeration principle. Used widely in oil/gas industry [and probably elsewhere]

heat high pressure vapor condenser

2
compressor

3
expansion valve

4 1
evaporator

low pressure vapor work

heat

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE TWO 1) Method of compression of the refrigerant

2) Power consumption devices

3) The amount of power required 4) Type of energy required 5) Running cost

QUERIES.

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THANK YOU