Introduction to Database Systems

Domains, Relations & Base RelVars (Ch. 5 Overview) Relational Algebra & Calculus,, & SQL (Ch. 6,7) Preview Design Issues & Integrity Constraints (Ch.8) A Design Review

Ch. 5?
Each attribute implies a domain (data type, set of values) Types do not imply physical representation (encap)
But at least one possible physical representation is suggested

Specific data types are orthogonal to the relational model. Scalar types have visible components (non-scalars dont). The relational model is strongly typed. Some operators ( selector = < > := CAST AS )

Relational Algebra, Calculus & SQL

David Maier / Judy Cushing

Introduction to Database Systems

Relations & RelVars

Relations (relation values) A table is a concrete representation of a relation.

Tuple a set of ordered pairs, no duplicates, unordered. Relations have cardinality & degree.

RelVars & Views define relations

The system catalog maintains the relvars.

SQL is used to create

RelVars CREATE DOMAIN, CREATE TABLE Relations INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE (tuples)
Relational Algebra, Calculus & SQL David Maier / Judy Cushing

Introduction to Database Systems

Type Checking

J.CITY = P.CITY JNAME | | PNAME QTY * 100 QTY + 100 STATUS = 5 J.CITY < S.CITY COLOR = P.CITY J.CITY = P.CITY | | burg

Relational Algebra, Calculus & SQL

David Maier / Judy Cushing

Introduction to Database Systems

Relational Algebra

Operates on relations, gives relations as results

Restrict (Select) -- subset of tuples Project -- subset of columns Product -- all possible combinations of two tuples
A B X Y AX AY BX BY

(Natural) Join: connecting tuples based on common value in same-named columns

A1 B1 A2 B1 A3 B2
Relational Algebra, Calculus & SQL

B1 C1 B2 C2 B3 C3

A1 B1 C1 A2 B1 C1 A3 B2 C2
David Maier / Judy Cushing

Introduction to Database Systems

Other Joins Theta Join -- join two relations but not on the equality operation ((S RENAME CITY AS SCITY) TIMES (P RENAME CITY AS PCITY) ) WHERE SCITY > PCITY Semi Join -- (natural) join two relations, but return only attributes of the first ((S SEMIJOIN (SP WHERE P# = # (P2))

Relational Algebra, Calculus & SQL

David Maier / Judy Cushing

Introduction to Database Systems

Standard Set Operations

Union, Intersection, Difference treat relations as sets of tuples

old_ext(inv# 13 13 14 16 ext) 1118 1119 3443 3439 ext) rings_at(inv# 12 13 13 14 14 15 16 ext) 1118 1118 1120 3400 3443 3443 3439

(inv#

(inv#

ext)

(inv#

ext)

Relational Algebra, Calculus & SQL

David Maier / Judy Cushing

Introduction to Database Systems

Division

Given 2 unary and 1 binary relation -find tuples in the (first) unary relation matched in the binary relation -w/ tuples in the other unary relation

A B C

A A A B C

X Y Z X Y

X Z

Relational Algebra, Calculus & SQL

David Maier / Judy Cushing

Introduction to Database Systems

Division
phone_bk(person Randall Ross Ricard Randall Ross Rivers Ross Ricard Rivers ext) 2116 2116 2116 2218 2218 2218 3972 3972 3972

r(ext) 2116 2118

(person) Randall Ross

s(person)

(ext)
2116 3972

Ross Ricard

Analogy a b is the largest q such that b

* q

Relational Algebra, Calculus & SQL

David Maier / Judy Cushing

Introduction to Database Systems

Properties & Examples

Associative & Commutative -UNION, INTERSECTION, TIMES, JOIN

((SP JOIN S) WHERE P# = P# (P2)) {SNAME} (((P WHERE COLOR = COLOR (Red)) JOIN SP) {S#} JOIN S) {SNAME} ((S {S#} DIVIDEBY P {P#} PER SP {S#, P#}) JOIN S {SNAME} S{S#} DIVIDEBY (SP WHERE S# = S# (S2)) {P#} PER SP {S#,P#} (((S RENAME S# AS SA) {SA, CITY} JOIN (S RENAME S# AS SB) {SB, CITY} ) WHERE SA < SB) {SA,SB}
Relational Algebra, Calculus & SQL David Maier / Judy Cushing

Introduction to Database Systems

the Algebra enables writing relational expressions

Retrieval Update Integrity constraints Derived relvars (views) Stability requirements (concurrency control) Security constraints (scope of authorization) Transformation rules -> OPTIMIZATION ((SP JOIN S) WHERE P# = P# (P2)) {SNAME} ((SP WHERE P# = P# (P2)) JOIN S) {SNAME}
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Relational Algebra, Calculus & SQL

David Maier / Judy Cushing

Introduction to Database Systems

Miscellaneous

Aggregates -- COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN, ALL, ANY

SUMMARIZE SP PER SP {P#} ADD SUM (QTY) AS TOTQTY SUMMARIZE (P JOIN SP) PER P {CITY} ADD COUNT AS NSP

Relational Comparisons
= equals /= not equals <= subset of (IN) < proper subset of >= superset > proper superset IS_EMPTY GROUP, UNGROUP

Relational Algebra, Calculus & SQL

David Maier / Judy Cushing

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Introduction to Database Systems

Relational Calculus

The algebra - a language to describe how to construct a new relation. The calculus - a language to write a definition of that new relation.
FORALL PX (PX.COLOR = COLOR (Red))
EXISTS SPX (SX.S# = SX.S# AND SPX.P# = P# (P2)

Procedural vs. Non-procedural Relational Completeness

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Introduction to Database Systems

6.13

Get full details of all projects. Query Exercises

J JX SELECT * FROM J ( SPJ WHERE J# = J# (J1) ) {S#} SPJX.S# WHERE SPJX.J# = J# (J1) SELECT DISTINCT SPJ.S# FROM SPJ WHERE SPJ.J# = J1

6.15 Get supplier numbers for suppliers who supply project J1.

6.18 Get supplier-number/part-number/project-number triples such that supplier part and project are all colocated).
(S JOIN P JOIN J) {S#, P#, J#} (SX.S#, PX.P#, JX.J# ) WHERE
SX.CITY = PX.CITY AND PX.CITY = JX.CITY AND JX.CITY = SX.CITY

SELECT S.S#, P.P#, J.J# FROM S,P,J

WHERE S.CITY = P.CITY AND P.CITY = J.CITY.
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Introduction to Database Systems

Integrity Preview!

An attribute value must match its type. A primary key must be unique. A tuples foreign key must be of the same type as its matching primary key. To create a record with a given foreign key, a record in the corresponding table must have that value as its primary key. Many to many relationships cannot be modeled (directly). Find examples to support these in SPJ!
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Introduction to Database Systems

Study Questions Which of the relational algebra, tuple calculus and domain calculus is SQL based on?

Can any relational query be expressed in a single SQL statement?

To what extent do these query languages go beyond the relational model? Why might QueryByExample languages be easier to use than SQL for someone unfamiliar with the database scheme of a database?

Relational Algebra, Calculus & SQL

David Maier / Judy Cushing

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Introduction to Database Systems

Lab Assignment for Next Week

With your partner, finish creating and populating the SPJ database. Run the assigned queries from Chapter 6.

SQL BNF http:// cuiwww.unige.ch/~falquet/sdbd/langage/SQL92/BNFindex.html

Relational Algebra, Calculus & SQL

David Maier / Judy Cushing

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