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What does it mean to be motivated? Questions: What motivates you? What demotivates you? How is one motivated? Why is one motivated to do x or y?
Performance problems
Signs and symptoms:Organization Group/Team Individual role of motivation?
Performance Regulation
External regulation (Scientific Mgt) Subjective regulation (Human Relations) Regulation through understanding and managing the employee mind-set (cooperative systems approach) Topic of satisfaction and motivation entered the agenda
Herzberg (1968)
The simplest method of getting someone to move is to kick him in the pants However, if you kick your dog it moves, but was it motivated to move? ..it would certainly be motivated to move away! True motivation comes from within the person who wants to move => goal directed
What motivates?
Content Theories = taxonomic lists of need (e.g. Maslows Hierarchy), motives (e.g. sensation seeking, need for achievement, need for power) - e.g. Maslows Hierarchy: theory of motivation in general versus work in particular => attractive holistic idea survival, security/safety, social/belonging, esteem, cognitive, aesthetic, self-actualising Hierarchical proposition => movement into a higher order domain presupposes to fulfilment of lower order needs
Evaluation..
Popularity versus scientific integrity- intuitive plausibility Difficult to test needs can operate simultaneously, depends on relative salience
Arbitrary categorisation one may seek to fulfil a higher order need to satisfy lower order needs - e.g. for employability
Does need fulfilment motivate? (complete satisfaction or continuous striving) So what? How do needs they work? How might we use the theory?
Hygiene needs = disatisfiers, must be fulfilled to prevent disatisfaction but wont increase satisfaction
Motivators = satisfiers, but wont prevent disatisfaction
Evaluation..
No direct evidence, but again, plausible - e.g. tip of the iceberg effect in absence of satisfiers, dissatisfiers become more salient Also maybe a threshold of hygiene needs after which more pay adds nothing to satisfaction (Law of Diminishing Returns) But, distinction intrinsic and extrinsic dubious e.g. payment (hygiene/extrinsic) makes possible the fulfilment of intrinsic (satisfiers) needs, also depends what pay means (could be intrinsic motivator for some) Again, so what?
Implications
An identity theory of motivation Does the term motivation signify something unitary (uni-dimensional) or multidimensional? Is it more useful as an analytic framework than a concept? Still doesnt answer the question of how?
How?
Theories of goal directed and self-regulated behaviour Psychological Contract Theory = schema theory (Rousseau) and/or relationship psychology (Herriot) Critical importance of understanding processes, not just inside the head, but between people and the artefacts in their environment
Individual PRP in a team context can undermine teamwork by creating interpersonal competition
Control or Facilitation
Balance between management control and personal/team autonomy Critical importance of informal as well as formal processes Imposition of new formal processes (e.g. job redesign, new technology) can undermine informal processes with big performance costs
What is the context? Context is created in part by informal processes History? Of the current situation, of the individual/group situation.. Meaning? What does work mean to an individual or group
Work flow
What is the task and task objective? What are the task conditions and constraints? How will the task be completed (processes) -optimise process by taking into consideration the task and its requirements and the people involved -select process that is win-win for task and people; involve people in deciding on process Control versus Autonomy Formal versus Informal Processes