NAME : YUSRINANI IBRAHIM

FORM : 2 TEGAS 2008

CHAPTER : STARS AND GALAXIES

 THE SUN

 Characteristics of the Sun

 Structure of the Sun
 Phenomena on the Surface of
the Sun
 Generation of Energy by the
Sun
Characteristics of the
Sun
 A ball of glowing gases consisting of
mainly hydrogen and helium.
 Diameter about 1,400,000 km or 100
times of the Earth’s diameter.
 Mass about 1.99×10³ºkg or 330,000
times of the Earth’s mass.
 Produce strong gravitational force
which about 28 times greater than
force produce by the Earth.
 Density about 1500 kg/m³
 Low density because its gaseous
state.
 Surface temperature about
6,000ºC.
 Temperature at the centre of the
Sun reaches 15,000,000ºC.
Structure of the Sun

 Sun’s atmosphere divided into 3

layers :

 Corona
 Chromosphere
 Photosphere
Structure of the Sun
CORONA
 Outermost layer of the Sun.
 Extends hundreds of km from the
centre of the Sun.
 Faint & only visible during total eclipse.
 Has bluish-white & pearly appearance.
 Is a hot gas boiling off the Sun.
 Streaming outwards in all directions
into space in the form of solar wind.
 Temperature can reach 2,000,000ºC.
CHROMOSPHERE
 Middle layer of the Sun.
 Area above the photosphere that is pink
or red.
 Not as bright as the photosphere.
 Can be seen during an eclipse of the Sun.
 Temperature about 15,000ºC.
 Temperature much higher as it
approaches the corona.
PHOTOSPHERE
 The innermost layer of the Sun.
 The surface of the Sun that is normally
seen.
 500 km thick & consists of dense gases.
 Have grainy surface caused by the
convection of hot gases bubbling up to
the surface.
 Temperature about 6,000ºC.
 Temperature rises higher as it gets
nearer to the chomosphere.
Phenomena on the
Surface
of the Sun
 The phenomena often change Earth’s
weather, produce communication
problems & create disturbances in
transmission of radio & television.
 Observable phenomena that occur on
the photosphere :

 Sunspots
 Prominences
 Solar flares
Phenomena on the
Surface
of the Sun
SUNSPOTS
 Dark areas on the Sun’s surface.
 Appear dark because they are cooler
than the surrounding areas.
 Represent large eruptions of the
photosphere that may last for more than
1 week.
 Often exist in pairs or in groups.
 Come & go in an eleven-year cycle.
PROMINENCES
 Throw out matter from the Sun into
space at speeds ranging from 600
km/s to more than 1,000 km/s.
 Others form huge loops or arching
columns of glowing gases over
sunspots that can reach heights of
hundreds of thousands of km.
 May last for a few days or for a few
months.
SOLAR FLARES
 Violent & spectacular gas explosions.
 Often occur near sunspots.
 Made up of numerous charged gaseous
particles.
 The charged gaseous particles often interact
with Earth’s magnetic field producing aurora.
 Aurora in north pole = aurora borealis /
northern lights.
 Aurora in south pole = aurora australis /
southern lights.
Generation of Energy
by the Sun
 Temperature in the core of the Sun &
intense heat causes nuclear reactions.
 In nuclear reaction, 4 hydrogen atoms
fuse to form helium atom which called
nuclear fusion.
 Nuclear reactions produce large
amount of energy.
 The sun then gives it out in all
directions as heat & light.
STARS & GALAXIES
IN THE UNIVERSE

 Formation and Death of

Stars
 Galaxies
 The Milky Way
Stars
 Defined as a ball of a very hot gases
which produces its own heat and light.
 Classified into various types based on
their brightness, colour, size and
temperature.
 The brightness of a star as viewed from
the Earth depends on:
 the size of the star.
 The distance between the star and the Earth.
 The surface temperature of the star.
 Super giants giants

I B
N R
C I
R G
E H
A T
S N
I E
N S
G S 20 000 15 000 10 000 6 000 3 000

Temperature (K)
 Blue giant

Red dwarf
Yellow giant.
White dwarf

Orange giant

 The temperature of a star determines the colour of its light.

 The stars with a higher temperature have a bluish-white light.
 The stars with lower temperature glow with a red light.
 The stars with medium temperature, like a sun, have a yellow light.
Formation and Death
of Stars
Nebula

Star with mass up to 1.4 times

that of the Sun

Red giant

White dwarf
Nebula

Star with mass of between 1.4 to 3.0 times

that of the Sun

Red giant

Supergiant

Supernova

Neutron Star
Nebula

Star with mass of more than 3.0 times

that of the Sun

Red giant

Supergiant

Supernova

Black hole
Galaxies
 A group of stars.
 Classifies based on their shapes.
 Common types :
 Spiral (has arm spiralling outwards
from central bulge)
 Elliptical (oval shaped)
 Irregular (no obvious shape)
Galaxies

Spiral galaxy Elliptical galaxy

Irregular galaxy
The Milky Way
 Example of a galaxy.
 Measure about 100,000 light year
across.
 Contains more than 200 billion stars.
 The Earth & the rest of Solar System lie
about 32,000 light years from the
middle of the Milky Way.
The Milky Way

From the side From the top

 THANKFUL FOR THE
EXISTENCE OF THE UNIVERSE
AS A
GIFT FROM GOD
 Importance of the Sun & the
Moon to Life on Earth
 The Expanse of the Universe
Importance of the Sun &
the Moon to Life on Earth

 Main source of energy for the Earth.

 Light energy from the Sun is used for
making food in plants.
 Heat from the Sun warms the Earth.
 Without sunlight the water cycle will be
broken.
 The moon’s gravity causes tidal
changes.
 The Expanse of the
Universe
 The universe is a collection of all
matter, energy & space that exists.
 There are no actual facts about how the
Universe began or how it will end.
 Based on Big Bang Theory, about 12 to
15 billion years ago, it began with an
enormous explosion.
 All that exists in the Universe not
permanent but changes with time.
T
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