P.

MURALI 11-MVM-25

The antinutritional factors may be defined as those substances generated in natural feed stuffs by the normal metabolism of species and by different mechanisms(e.g inactivation of some nutrients ,diminution of digestive process or metabolic utilisation of feed)which effects contrary to optimum nutrition.

Lectins are proteins with a characteristic affinity for certain sugar molecules or majority are glycoproteins present in the membranes of different animal cells, including those of the intestinal mucosa. Source: plants (legumes such as peanut, Black beans, soybeans, lima beans,peas, lentils,kidney bean..etc) including fungus and lichens Mechanism: Effects on Cell Membrane known for their ability to agglutinate (clump) erythrocytes in vitro. There are over 400,000 estimated binding sites for kidney bean agglutinin on the surface of each erythrocytes.

Effect on the Gastrointestinal Tract Disrupt small intestinal metabolism and damage small intestinal villi via the ability of lectins to bind with brush border surfaces in the distal part of small intestine. Reduced growth, diarrhea, and interference with nutrient absorption are caused by this class of toxicants. Less toxic lectins can be fatal if ingested in high amounts.

Autoclaving is proved very helpful in destruction of toxic hemagglutinins and other growth inhibiting factors. For complete elimination of the toxicity of kidney bean and field bean, preliminary soaking prior to autoclaving is required Formaldehyde has been recognized to reduce the agglutinating activity of bean lectin. Dry heating has been found to be less effective.

One of the major interest in this class of glycoproteins is the therapeutic use against HIV-1. Jacalin, a plant lectin, is found to completely block human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in vitro infection of lymphoid cells. This activity of the jacalin is attributed to its ability to specifically induce the proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes in human.

Highly toxic because of the presence of ricin, a watersoluble glycoprotein most poisonous of the natural occurring compounds. Ricin acts by translocating to the cytosol the enzymatically active toxin-A chain,which inactivates ribosomes . lethal oral dose of ricin is 0.1 g/kg body weight for horses, 1-2 g/kg for most other livestock, but 5.5 g/kg body weight for goats.

Gastrointestinal signs predominate, including vomiting, profuse diarrhoea, colic and abdominal pain,atlast convulsions, collapse and die within 36 hours of consumption Steam heating significantly reduces the toxicity of pomace to become harmless for sheep, rabbits, and rats, when the beans is about 10% of their diet. When used before heating castor bean, calcium hydroxide may aid in achieving complete destruction of the ricin and the allergen. Although the castor bean allergen is more resistance to boiling than ricin, it can be inactivated by autoclaving.

seeds of a plant called lucky bean, rosary pea or jequirity pea. Abrin works by penetrating the cells of the body and inhibiting cell protein synthesis. By attaching to a carbohydrate chain on the cell surface.

Seeds contain curcin, a toxic glycoprotein with a 54% homology with the ricin A chain and with a similar mode of action (Lin et al., 2003). Calves -0.25 or 1g/kg feed died within 19 hours of consumption Whilst goats given a similar daily dose were either killed or died within 7-21 days. Severe gastroenteritis, nephritis, myocardial degeneration, haemagglutination, and subepicardial and subendocardial haemorrhages as well as renal sub-cortical and subpleural bleeding.

The major toxic agent, crotin, is a collective name for a group seed glycoproteins each with varying toxicity but with a similar mode of action to that of ricin(Sperti et al., 1976). Phorbal 12,13 diesters are also present and probably account in part for the irritant and purgative action of the ingested seeds. Croton oil is produced in limited commercial amounts in India and Europe

C. ensiformis seeds are the natural source of Con A (Merck, 1989). Canavalia spp. were found to have high hemagglutination activity against cattle and human erythrocytes. Feed intake and body weight were reduced by the diet containing 10% raw. C. ensiformis seeds indicating broiler chicks can tolerate daily intake of 100 mg Con A over 6 weeks without affecting growth.

Con A from C. ensiformis has a wide range of applications(e.g., antiviral, mitogenecity, isolation of immunoglobulins,blood group substances and glycoprotein hormones) Con A is a potential molecule to be considered for tumor therapy by immunomodulation

The corynetoxins are highly toxic glycolipids that inhibit specific glycosylation enzymes and therefore deplete or reduce activity of essential glycoproteins. Annual ryegrass ( Lolium rigidum ) Outbreaks occur 2-6 days after animals graze a pasture that contains annual ryegrass infected at a toxic level. Deaths occur within hours, or up to 1 wk after onset of signs. Characteristic neurologic signs are similar to those of perennial ryegrass staggers . However, mortality from annual ryegrass toxicity is commonly 40-50%, occasionally greater. The lesions include congestion, edema, hemorrhage of the brain and lungs, and degeneration of the liver and kidneys.

In Australia, the responsible corynetoxins (members of the tunicaminyluracil group) are produced in seedhead galls induced by the nematode Anguina funesta and colonized by Rathayibacter toxicus . These bacteria-infected galls are present in infected annual ryegrass pastures from early spring onward, but they are most toxic when the plants senesce.

Spread of bacteria-infested nematodes to adjacent healthy annual ryegrass pastures is slow. Burning annual ryegrass pastures in the fall destroys most of the galls colonized by bacteria and minimizes the risk of toxicity in the following season. Grazing of hay aftermath from toxic pastures should be avoided.

A substance that prevents a vitamin from exerting its typical biological effects. Most antivitamin's have chemical structures similar to vitamins Function as competitive antagonists; Can decompose vitamins, Form unabsorbable complexes with them, Interfere with their digestive or metabolic utilization.

The antivitamin factor, phytic acid. The acid-base balance, also will profoundly and quantitatively influence the antirachitic action of the vitamin in one direction or the other. Large excess of fat may act against the vitamin by precipitating calcium salts. Lactose may act with it.

Antithiamine factors can be distinguished as thiaminases, tannins, and catechols.

the synthetic antivitamin, pyrithiamin, a vitamin analogue

precipitating vitamin B1.

The interaction with vitamin B1 can lead to serious neurotoxic effects as a result of vitamin B1 deficiency

Source: Thiaminases are found in many fish species, freshwater, saltwater species, and in certain species of crab.
Mechanism: interact with vitamin B1 (thiamine), antithiamine factors are enzymes that split thiamine at the methylene linkage

Reduction: cooking destroys thiaminases in fish and other sources. Antithiamine factors can also be of plant origin. Tannins, occurring in a variety of plants, including tea inhibition of growth in animals and for inhibition of digestive enzymes.

copper-containing enzyme that mediates : 1. oxidation of free ascorbic acid dehydroascorbic acid 2. dehydroascorbic acid diketogulonic acid, oxalic acid, and other oxidation products

Source: fruits and vegetables such as cucumbers, pumpkins, lettuce, bananas, tomatoes, potatoes, carrots, and green beans.
The enzyme is active between pH 4, about 38C. Being an enzyme, ascorbic acid oxidase can be inhibited effectively by blanching of fruits and vegetables.

A variety of plants and mushrooms contain pyridoxine (a form of vitamin B6) antagonists The antipyridoxine factors have been identified as hydrazine derivatives Source: mushroom Reduction: Immediate blanching after cleaning and cutting can reduce the substance Mechanism: condensation of the hydrazines with the carbonyl compounds pyridoxal and pyridoxal phosphate the active form of the vitamin resulting in the formation of inactive hydrazones

Synthetic product Regarded as structural analogue of both vitamin E and vitamin

Pantoyltaurine

Synthetic product, antipantothenic acid Having related chemical Structure and act by blocking.

Naturally occurring antivitamin K

Present in decaying or spoiled sweet clover Cause of a spontaneous, endemic haemorrhagic disease of cattle Competitive or blocking action. To increase the blood-clotting time, In the prevention and treatment of postoperative thrombosis.

Sulphapyridine (antinicotinamide), Synthetic product, belonging to the sulphonamide

class of drugs, said to block nicotinamide by preventing formation of coenzyme systems both in nutrition of micro-organisms and in blacktongue of dogs.

3-Acetylpydine (antinicotinamide). Synthetic product, precipitating nicotinamide

deficiency in mice

Gammexane ,the y-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane, May owe its toxic action to its interference with the metabolism of the nutrient, inositol, to which It is structurally closely related.

Sulphanilamide, classical example of an antivitamin folic acid Sulphanilamide itself, or other related substances containing the sulphonamide group, inhibited the growth of certain pathogenic micro-organisms by competing with an essential nutrient(p-aminobenzoic acid) needed by the micro-organism.

Vitamin

Having related chemical structure and acting by blocking Pyrithiamin

Oxidative enzyme or other destructive agent Heated fats Raw fish (enzyme)

Exercising some other type of interference with action

Vitamin A Vitamin B1

Vitamin C

Glucoascorbic acid Ascorbic acid oxidase; copper

Phytic acid ; calcium : phosphorous ratio; excess fat and other factors

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

Tocopherol

p-Aminobenzoic acid

Sulphanilamide

Vitamin K Pantothenic acid nicotinamide

Dicoumarol Pantoyltaurine Sulphapyridine 3-Acetylpyridine Desoxypyridoxin

Pyridoxin (Vitamin B,) Riboflavin

Isoriboflavin Cystine y-Hexachlorocyclohexane (Gammexane) Methylfolic acid and others

Choline Inositol

Folic acid

All kinds of stresses are vitamin antagonists. Drugs are serious stress producers in the body In addition, surgery, accidents, overly exhausting work or exercise, exposure to extreme's of heat or cold grief all produce great stress . The B vitamins and vitamin C, as well as proteins and minerals, are all depleted and/or unassimilable as a result of stresses on the body

Aspirin interferes with digestive processes and can result in stomach bleeding. Itinterferes with blood-clotting and lessens the ability of cells to absorb glucose for heat and energy. High losses of vitamin C and the B vitamins plus the minerals calcium and potassium.

Besides being a vitamin K antagonist, the antibiotic penicillin is also an antivitamin of vitamin B6. The antibiotic streptomycin is a folic acid antagonist

Even so-called "natural" diuretics, including herbal types, are harmful, for all diuretics result in great losses of B vitamins, vitamin C, other vitamins, and the minerals potassium and magnesium.

All laxatives, including the herbal types, are vitamin antagonists. Mineral oil is perhaps the most devastating laxative. It absorbs vitamin A and carotene, as well as the other fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K).

Foods not grown organically are "fed" (via their soil) synthetic chemical fertilizers which contain excessive nitrogen. This excessive nitrogen increases the crop yield, butNitrates and nitrites are formed, and these pollutants are potent antivitamins. nitrates and nitrites systematically and subtly reduce the vitamin A stored in the liver. They also prevent formation of this vitamin in our body from its precursor, carotene.

Antivitamins found in polluted air, especially city air, are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, lead, ozone, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Vitamin A and vitamin C are both depleted when the body is exposed to air containing these pollutants, as is vitamin E.

Nutritional and antinutritional significance of four unconventional legumes of the genus Canavalia A comparative study K.R. Sridhar *, S. Seena