WAQAR AHMAD NASEER 2009-CH-224

Contents
Selection of Batch reactors. Kinetics of Batch reactors. Calculations i.e. (different balances, residence time e.t.c.) Designing the reactor on the basis of these calculations.

Why we need a Batch Reactor?

Commonly said.. Because we need high conversion per unit volume Is it the main character while choosing the B.rs???? But the conversion per unit time decreases!!!!

Main reason
1.The reactants feed for B.rs is usually a catalyst+ reactants The catalytic reactions are usually of time consuming and need high residence time. So the choice of B.rs for these kind of reactions is perfect. 2. Where small volumes of high-value products are made.

Kinetics of B.rs
In a batch reactor the reactants and the catalyst are placed in the reactor and the reaction is allowed to proceed for a given time whereupon the mixture of un reacted material together with the products is withdrawn. In an ideal batch reactor, the concentration and temperature are assumed to be uniform. In practice, the condition can be approximately realized by vigorous agitation or stirring.

Cont.
All the elements of the fluid spend the same amount of time in the reactor, and hence have the same residence time. Some of the reactions like enzyme reactions, are exothermic hence the temperature controlling is an important phenomenon. Due to the presence of catalyst (enzyme e.t.c) the controlling of reaction conditions is much more difficult than other reactors.

Reaction kinetics and calculations:

Considering an enzyme reaction occurring inside the reactor. the rate equation given by (Michaels & Menten) Dr/dt =k3*[A] [ Eo] / [M]+[A] Rate depends 1.Enzyme 2.Concentration of A if [A]<<[M] 3.Independent of concentration of A if [A]>>M]

Designing the batch reactors

Before designing we must know.

Agitation and cooling media selection Kinetics of reaction i.e. rate of reaction e.t.c. Enzyme characteristics i.e. (temperature pressure controlling) Reaction feasibilities i.e. (temperature e.t.c requirements) Phases involving Residence time

Mixing and cooling media selection

This depends upon the reaction conditions and requirements: Agitation should be proper and at steady state so not to interrupt the enzyme mechanism Cooling depends upon the heat of reaction, must be enough to remove the heat fro the vessel but not freezing it.

Kinetics of reaction
Idea of rate of reaction Variations on reaction by changing temperature pressure conditions. Heat of reaction to be remove from the reactor Effects of heat changing on reaction efficiency

Enzyme characteristics &Reaction feasibilities

The reaction should be controlled in such a way that enzyme should be free to do his work. The feasibility of reaction should also be accounted to increase the efficiency

Phases involved
They may be liquid, solid or gaseous phases present, some time the gaseous product is important and some time the liquid or solid. So there should be a proper mechanism to get our product safely and precisely from the reactor.

Residence time
Important to find the range of conversions of reaction. To find the completion time required to complete the reaction

Calculating the residence of reaction

Considering a general reaction and applying the mole balance

Cont.
Conversion X=Na/Nao dx=dNa/Nao dx/dt=dNa/dt.Nao dx/dt=(dNa/dt.v).v/Nao dx/dt=-ra.v/Nao t=integral(0-x) dx.Nao/-ra.V

Complementary Equipments with batch reactors

Heat Exchangers Sepration process Temprature and pressure control Pumps e.t.c

QUESTIONS