Angle Modulation

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Advantages and Disadvantages
(over AM)

Advantages
good fidelity
good noise immunity
More efficient use of power
Disadvantages
BW requirement is higher for FM


2
SNR is good
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Applications of FM
TV sound signal
2 way radio (fixed and mobile)
Satellite and cellular communication

Applications of PM
Extensively used in data communication
Used as an intermediate step in FM signal
generation
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Frequency Modulation (FM) and Phase Modulation (PM) are grouped
as angle modulation.
Consider the simple sinewave





where gives the instantaneous phase

A change in frequency can cause a change in phase. Therefore direct
FM is indirect PM and direct PM is indirect FM.
Note also that

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Frequency Modulation (FM)
For FM, the carriers instantaneous frequency deviation from
its unmodulated (resting) value varies in proportion to the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
Let the modulating signal be a sine wave
e
m
(t) =E
m
sin e
m
t
The frequency deviation f is proportional to the amplitude
of the modulating signal, therefore:
f
FM
(t) = f
c
+ Af
f
FM
(t) = f
c
+ k
f
e
m
(t)
where f
FM
(t) is the frequency of the modulated signal,
f
c
is the unmodulated carrier frequency

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FM frequency deviation
Frequency deviation proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal.

















Then f
FM
(t) = f
c
+ k
f
E
m
sin e
m
t

and k
f
E
m
= o = peak frequency deviation in Hz

hence f
FM
(t) = f
c
+ o sin e
m
t

m f
e k f = A
6
k
f
(Hz/V)= deviation sensitivity of the
modulator

e
m
= modulating signal amplitude

Af = instantaneous frequency deviation

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Square wave
modulating a sine
wave carrier
7
Modulated signal in time domain
Change in the carriers frequency
over time according to the amplitude
of the modulating signal
Change in the carriers phase over time.

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FM modulation index

The FMs modulation index is defined as, m
f
= o/f
m
Unlike AM , m
f
can be > 1; there are no limits
Since m
f
= o/f
m
thus
f
FM
(t) = f
c
+ m
f
f
m
sin e
m
t

Example 1
An FM modulator has k
f
=30kHz/V and operates at a carrier
frequency of 175 MHz. Determine the output frequency for an
instantaneous value of the modulating signal equal to 150mV.



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Phase modulation

In PM the phase shift of the carrier is proportional to the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal.
m(t)= E
c
cos (e
c
t + k
p
E
m
cos(e
m
t))
Similar to FM k
p
= |/e
m

k
p
- phase deviation sensitivity, rad/V
| - phase deviation in radians
e
m
modulating signal amplitude, volts

And m
p
= | = k
p
E
m

where m
p
is the phase modulation index
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Example 2
The signal v
m
(t) = 2 cos(2t2000t) is to be transmitted.
(i) If the signal is to be FM, determine the peak
frequency deviation and the modulation index given that
k
f
= 5 kHz/V.
(ii) If the signal is to be PM, determine the peak phase
deviation given k
p
= 2.5 rad/V

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Angle Modulation Spectrum
FM and PM have similar equation of the form:
V(t) = A sin (e
c
t + m sin e
m
t)
where m can be m
f
or m
p

When elaborated, V(t) is a series of sinusoids:-








where v(t) = instantaneous amplitude of modulated carrier
A = peak amplitude of the carrier
J
n
= solution to the nth order Bessel function for a given
modulation index (see Bessel table handout)

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An FM wave contains an infinite number of sideband components
Sidebands are separated from the carrier by multiples of the f
m
, with
decreasing amplitude as the distance from the carrier frequency increases.
Sidebands with amplitude <1% of the total signal voltage are usually ignored.

13
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

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If the unmodulated carrier has an amplitude of 1V, J
0
represents the
amplitude of the carrier frequency (resting frequency).
Total power in FM signal is distributed in the carrier and sideband
components.
Total signal voltage and power does not change with modulation.
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For unmodulated carrier =



For FM (modulated carrier)





Where P
T
= total rms power of FM wave
P
jn
= rms power in carrier
P
jn
= rms power in first, second .nth set of sidebands
V
jn =
rms voltage of carrier, first, second..nth sidebands.


( ) ( ) ( )
R
V
R
V
R
V
R
V
P P P P P
n
N
J J J J
J J J J T
2 2 2 2
2
.......
2 2
......
2 1 0
2 1 0
+ + + =
+ + + =
R
V
P
rms
c
T
2
=
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Angle Mod. Bandwidth





2 methods
(i) With help of the Bessels frequency spectrum
B = 2( n x f
m
)
n is the number of significant sideband components
(ii) Carsons rule (an approximation BW for about 98% of
total power)
B = 2( o + f
m
)
is the peak frequency deviation
f
m
is the modulating frequency
16
Bandwidth
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Example 3
An FM modulator with a modulation index of m=1 modulates the message
signal v
m
= 2sin(2000tt) and a carrier signal of Vc = 10sin(10
6
tt). The load
resistance is 50O.

i) How many pairs of significant sidebands are transmitted?
ii) Determine the sidebands amplitude.
iii) Sketch the output frequency spectrum, showing their relative
amplitudes
iv) Determine the unmodulated carrier power.
v) Determine the total power in the modulated wave.

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Narrowband & Wideband FM
Theoretically there are no limitations to the m or o of the FM signal.
In practice, a trade-off found is between SNR and BW. A good SNR
requires large BW. BW are usually limited by regulations and also Rx
design limitations
With m<1, bandwidth of FM = bandwidth of AM. This is narrow-band
FM (NBFM). Eg voice transmission.
With m>10, we get wideband FM commercial FM radio, television.

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Note:
All material in this slide has been
compiled/sourced/extracted from various
sources; electronic and non electronic media
for the purpose of teaching.
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