Name: Pratyay Saha.

Stream: Electronics & Communication Engineering. Year: 4th. Semester: 8th. Roll No: 08182003048. Registration No: 081820110115.

Introduction. GSM History. GSM System Specification. GSM System Architecture. Architectural Description. GSM Channels Description. Basic Call Management.

Location Upgrade Process.

Frequency Re-use & Handover Techniques. Conclusion.

The Global System for Mobile communications is a digital cellular communications system. It was developed in order to create a common European mobile telephone standard but it has been rapidly accepted worldwide. GSM was designed to be compatible with ISDN services. GSM gives mobility without any loss in audio quality. Minimum interference.

Year 1982 1984 1985 1987 Group Special Mobile (GSM) created. Description of GSM features. List of recommendation settled.

Events

Initial MoU aside the drafting of technical specifications was signed by network operators of 13 countries.

1988 1991 1992 1993 1995 1999 2000 End 2002

Validation and trials, of the radio interface. First system trials are demonstrated at the telecom 91 exhibition. Official commercial launch of GSM service in Europe. First launch in Finland. The GSM-MoU has 62 signatories in 39 countries worldwide. Specifications of GSM phase 2 are frozen. GSM-MoU joins 3GPP (UMTS) and GPRS trials begins. 480MGSM subscribers worldwide and first GPRS networks roll out. 792M GSM subscribers worldwide.

Frequency Band Uplink Downlink 890-915 MHz 935-960 MHz

Duplex Frequency Spacing Carrier separation Frequency Channels Time Slots / Frame (Ful Rate) Voice Coder Bit Rate Modulation Air transmission Rate Access method Speech Coder

45 MHz 200 KHz 125 8 13 Kbps GMSK 270.833333 Kbps FDMA/TDMA RPE-LTP (Regular Pulse Excitation Long Term Prediction)

1. Mobile Station: oFrequency & Time Synchronization. oVoice Encoding/Decoding & Transmission/Receiption. oDisplay of short messages. oContains International Mobile Subscriber Identifier. 2. SIM: oPortable smart card with memory.

3.

Base Transceiver Station: oHandles the radio interface to the mobile

station.
oConsists of one or more radio terminals for transmission & reception. 4. Base Station Controller: oProvides all the control functions & physical links between the MSC & BTS. oMonitors & control several BTSs. oPerforms inter-cell handover. oInterface to OMC for BSS management. 5. Mobile Switching Centre: oPerforms call switching. oInterface of the cellular network to PSTN. oRoutes call between PLMN & PSTN. oInter BSC handover. oPaging, billing.

oStatic Information:
oInternational Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI). oPersonal Identification Number (PIN). oAuthentication Key (Ki). oDynamic Information: oTemporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI). oLocation Area Code (LAI). oPhone memories, billing information.

oAbility to store & display short message.

6.

Home Location Register: oStore user data of all subscribers related to the GMSC.

7.

Visitor Location Register: oDatabase that contains subscriber parameters and location information for all mobile subscribers currently located in the geographical area controlled by that VLR. oProvides TMSI. oLocation Area Code. oGives necessary documents when mobile originates call.

8.

Authentication Centre: oStores subscriber authentication data called Ki, a copy of which is also stored in the SIM. oGenerates & provides security related parameters (triplets) Signed Response (SRES), Random Number (RAND), Cipher Key (Kc).

9.

Equipment Identity Register: oEIR is a database that contains list of all valid mobile station equipment within the network, where each mobile is identified by its IMEI. oEIR has 3 databases: oWhite List For all known, good IMEIs. oBlack List For all bad or stolen handsets. oGrey List For all handsets/IMEIs that are on observation

In GSM there are mainly two channels: 1.Physical channel: The combination of an ARFCN and a time slot defines a physical channel. 2.Logical Channel: These are channels specified by GSM which are mapped on physical channel. Following logical channels can exist -

A mobile station when it is first on remains in standalone mode. By suitable cell selection process it can make or receive calls. In this cell selection process BTS sends three channels i.e. FCCH, SCH, BCCH and TMSI to the MS to attach to the proper cell. After attach to the proper cell the following things happen in order to make or receive calls: I. II. Authentication Check (RAND, SRES, Kc) Cannel request (RACH)

III. Synchronization (SCH) IV. Access grant (AGCH)

V.

Synchronization (SCH)

VI. Paging (PCH) VII. Dedicated channel (SDCCH) VIII. Traffic Channel (TCH)

1.

Request for service: The MS detects that it has entered a new Location Area and requests to update its location. The new MSC/VLR identifies the MS.

2.

Authentication: The new MSC/VLR requests to the AUC for authentication parameters. Using these parameters the MS is authenticated.

3.

Ciphering: Using the parameters that were made available earlier during the authentication the uplink and the downlink are ciphered.

4.

Update HLR/VLR: The new MSC/VLR requests to update the MS location in the HLR. The MS is deregistered in the old VLR.

5.

TMSI re-allocation: The MS is assigned a new TMSI.

oFrequency Reuse: Standard GSM has a total of 124 frequencies available for use in a network. Most network providers are unlikely to be use all of these frequencies and are generally allocated a small subset of the 124. Example: A network provider has been allocated 48 frequencies to provide coverage a large area, let us take for

example Great Britain. As the maximum cell size is approximately 70km in diameter, thus our 48 frequencies would not
be able to cover whole of Britain. To overcome this limitation the network provider must re-use the same frequencies over and over again, in what is termed a Frequency re-use pattern. When planning the frequency re-use pattern the network planner must take into account how often to use the same frequencies and determine how close together the cells are, otherwise co-channel and/or adjacent channel interference may occur. The network provider will also take into account the nature of the area to be covered. This may range from a densely populated city to a sparsely populated rural expanse.

Handover: Handover is the process of automatically switching a call in progress from one traffic channel to another to neutralize the adverse effects of user movements. In GSM two types of handover happens: oSoft Handover- Within same BTS. oHard Handover- Within different BTS.

The aim of this presentation was to give an overview of the GSM system and not to provide a

complete and exhaustive guide. As it is shown in this presentation, GSM is a very complex
standard. It can be considered as the first serious attempt to fulfil the requirements for a universal personal communication system. GSM is then used as a basis for the development of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS).