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HORMONE???
Hormone are chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands It takes only a small amount to cause big changes in cells or even the whole body Hormones work slowly, over time, and affect many different processes, including: Growth and development Metabolism Sexual function Reproduction Mood
each gland secrete different types of hormone Endocrine gland are ductless gland Hence, hormones are secretes directly into interstitial fluid and into the bloodstream The circulating blood then delivers hormone to the target cells
FUNCTION OF HORMONES
3 MAIN CATEGORIES: Reproduction (FSH, LH, oestrogens, progesterone, androgen) Growth (growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine) Homeostasis ( insulin, glucagon, ADH, adrenaline)
The hypothalamus serve as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system The hypothalamus act on the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland In hypothalamus = neurosecretory cells These cells produce hypothalamic releasing hormone and hypothalamic inhibiting hormone
Ex: Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) in hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secretes thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH) TSH stimulate the thyroid gland to secretes thyroxine
Negative feedback Stimulates the target gland inhibits to secrete Thyroxine the release of TSH
Regulation by the other substances: blood glucose level rise the pancreas produce insulin insulin causes increase in glucose uptake by cells the cells metabolise the glucose or convert it into glycogen as a result, blood glucose level return to normal
Thyroxine
UNDER SECRETION ~Cretinism stunted physical and
mental in children
OVER SECRETION ~Increase metabolic rate, increase heartbeat, excessive sweating, nervousness, restlessness and weight loss
~ Myxedema in adult: slow heart rate, low body temperature, a tendency to gain weight easily
Insulin
UNDER SECRETION ~Diabetes mellitus - high blood sugar level
and sugar in urine.
~Acromegaly (adult)
Facial aspect of a patient with acromegaly The nose is widened and thickened. The cheekbones are obvious, the forehead bulges, the lips are thick and the facial lines are marked.
Testosterone
UNDER SECRETION ~ Inhibit the development of male secondary characteristics OVER SECRETION ~Excessive male characteristics and early puberty.
Oestrogen
UNDER SECRETION ~Inhibits the development of secondary sex characteristics in female. OVER SECRETION ~Excessive female characteristics and early puberty.
Progesterone
UNDER SECRETION ~Abortion of embryo OVER SECRETION ~Failure in delivery at the correct time.