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Presented by:
SNEHAL PRASOON
CONTENTS
Introduction Smart Materials New Material Requirements Classification Of Smart Materials Properties Of Shape Memory Alloys Smart Structure Components of Smart structure Sensors and Actuators Structural Uses of SMAS Case Study Conclusion References
INTRODUCTION
Smart materials and structures technology represents an emerging field of study that is finding many applications in support of civil infrastructure systems. The potential benefit of this technology may be improved
infrastructure systems.
SMART MATERIALS
Smart materials are materials that have the intrinsic and extrinsic capabilities , firstly to respond to stimuli and environmental changes and secondly to activate their functions according to these changes. Depending on changes in some external conditions, "smart" materials change either their properties (mechanical, electrical, appearance), their structure or composition, or their functions.
REQUIREMENTS
Technical properties Technological properties Economic criteria Environmental characteristics Sustainable development criteria, implying reuse and recycling capacities.
Actuator materials
The Sensors
PROPERTIES OF SMAS
Repeated absorption of large amount of strain energy. Usable strain range of 70%. Extraordinary fatigue resistance under large strain cycle Their great durability and reliability in the long run
DATA ACQUISITION Collection of raw data required for appropriate sensing and monitoring of the structure. DATA TRANSMISSION Forwards raw data to the local/central command and control units.
Controls the whole systems by analyzing the data , deriving the appropriate conclusion and determining the actions required . DATA INSTRUCTIONS Transmits the decision and associated instructions back to the member of the structure. ACTION DEVICE It takes the action by triggering the control devices
Control system monitors the sensors signal processing the information in order to determine action required. If an action is required, then a signal is applied to the appropriate actuator.
Sensor To monitor environmental changes and generate signals proportional to the changing measured. Actuator used to change the properties of the smart structure in order to achieve the desired response
Mechanical Energy
Sensor
Electrical Energy
Actuator
Self healing
Structural health monitoring
The structure adapts its dynamic characteristics to meet the performance objectives at any instance
Special braces for framed structures Isolation devices for buildings and bridges
Used in composite structures Can be monitored externally throughout the life of the structure The internal material conditions like moisture, voids, cracks may be interpreted via sensing.
Retrofitting
SMAs can be used as self stressing fibers and thus they can be applied for retrofitting Self-stressing fibers are the ones in which the reinforcement is placed into the composite in non stressed state Prestressing force is introduced into the system by providing SMAs
Treatment can be applied at any time after hardening of the matrix instead of during its curing and hardening
Self-healing
The deformation beyond the first crack can be fully recovered and cracks can be fully closed.
The high density coupled with choice of fibers ranging from stainless steel to carbon applied under high pressure gives the product with outstanding qualities.
SMART CONCRETE
A mere addition of 0.5% of specially treated carbon fibers enables the increase of electrical conductivity of concrete. Addition of load reduces the conductivity of the concrete, on removing of load concrete regains its original conductivity. Functions as a traffic sensing recorder when used as road pavement . Used to lay smart highways to guide self steering cars which at present follow tracks of buried magnets.
Sensor Networking
Users Satellite
Telephone
IP
Radio Cellular
Communications
CONCLUSION
The technologies using smart materials are useful for both new and existing constructions. Of the many emerging technologies available the few described here need further research to evolve the design guidelines of systems. Codes, standards and practices are of crucial importance for the further development.
With the benefits in sight , smart structures technology is seeing quick moment into the civil engineering field. Civil infrastructures of the future will be integrated with sensors and control devices through information networks to enhance their performance at reduced life cycle cost. From an educational perspective it is desirable to prepare the present and next generation of civil engineers for the advanced technologies which they will use in the future.
References
Journal of professional issues in engineering education and practice ASCE / January 2008.
N.Krstulovic-Opara and A.E. Naaman, ACI Structural Journal, March April 2000, pp 335344 Web Sites
http://dbtindia.nic.in howstuffworks.com
rheonetic.com
sensortech.com google.com