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Section Outline
I
FIR design methods Windowing Standard band filters Arbitrary response filters Multiband filters Raised cosine filters Frequency domain filtering
II III IV
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FIR Methods
Filter Method Windowing Multiband with Transition Bands Constrained Least Squares Description Apply window to truncated inverse Fourier transform of desired filter Equiripple or least squares approach over frequency sub-bands Minimize squared integral error over entire frequency range subject to maximum error constraints Filter Functions
Arbitrary Response Arbitrary responses, including nonlinear cfirpm phase and complex filters Raised Cosine Lowpass response with smooth, sinusoidal transition
firrcos
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Method
Description
Functions
Windowing
Apply window to truncated inverse Fourier transform of desired "brick wall" filter
Multiband with Equiripple or least squares approach over Transition Bands sub-bands of the frequency range Constrained Least Squares Minimize squared integral error over entire frequency range subject to maximum error constraints Arbitrary responses, including nonlinear phase and complex filters Lowpass response with smooth, sinusoidal transition
fircls, fircls1
cremez
firrcos
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no need to specify
impz(b,1)
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()/
d()/d
constant phase delay constant group delay no phase distortion Except for cfirpm, all of the FIR filter design functions in the Signal Processing Toolbox design linear phase filters only.
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III
IV
b(k ) = b(n + 0 k ), k = 0 n + 0No restriction ,..., b(k ) = b(n + 0 k ), k = 0 n + 0No restriction ,...,
b(k ) = b(n + 0 k ), k = 0 n + 0 ,..., b(k ) = b(n + 0 k ), k = 0 n + 0 ,...,
H(0) = 0 H(0) = 0
fir1,fir2,firls,firpm,fircls,fircls1,firrcos
Digital filters with finite-duration impulse response (all-zero, or FIR filters) have both advantages and disadvantages compared to infinite-duration impulse response (IIR) filters. FIR filters have the following primary advantages: They can have exactly linear phase. They are always stable. The design methods are generally linear. They can be realized efficiently in hardware. The filter startup transients have finite duration. The primary disadvantage of FIR filters is that they often require a much higher filter order than IIR filters to achieve a given level of performance. Correspondingly, the delay of these filters is often much greater than for an equal performance IIR filter.
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Example 1
Design a 48th-order FIR bandpass filter with passband 0.35 0.65:
Solution
>>b = fir1(48,[0.35 0.65]); >>freqz(b,1,512)
Example 2:
Design a lowpass filter with the following specifications using the optimal design method : >>rp = 0.01; >>rs = 0.1; >>fs = 8000; >>a = [1 0]; % Passband ripple % Stopband ripple % Sampling frequency % Desired amplitudes
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Solution >>[n,fo,ao,w] = remezord(f,a,dev,fs); >> dev=[0.01 0.1] >>[n,fo,ao,w]=remezord([1500 2000],[1 0],dev,8000); % approximate order, normalized frequency band edges, frequency band amplitudes, and weights that meet input specifications f, a, and dev.% >>b=remez(n,fo,ao,w); %use n, fo, ao and w to design the filter b which approximately meets the specifications given by remezord input parameters f, a, and dev.% >>freqz(b,1,1024,8000); >>title('Lowpass Filter Designed to Specifications');
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Window-Based Design
H(f) ifft h(n)
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Windowing Functions
bartlett, barthannwin, blackman, blackmanharris, bohmanwin, chebwin, flattopwin, gausswin, hamming, hann, kaiser, parsenwin, rectwin, triang, tukeywin
.*
y = sin(n);
W = gausswin(2*length(y),3); w = W(length(y)+1:end);
wy = w'.*y;
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>> windft
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>> b = ... 0.4*sinc(... 0.4*(-25:25)); >> fvtool(b,1) >> bw = ... b.*hamming(51)'; >> fvtool(bw,1) Right click on the y-axis label in FVTool and choose Magnitude squared
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Multiband Filters
>> b = firls(n,f,a)
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long
y(n)
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Section Summary
I
FIR design methods Windowing Standard band filters Arbitrary response filters Multiband filters Raised cosine filters Frequency domain filtering
II III IV
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