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Pavement evaluation is a technique of assessing the condition of a pavement, both structurally and from the point of view of surface & functional characteristics
Parameters to be Evaluated:Roughness
Surface
Distress
Objective of various parameter measurements: (roughness, deflection, skid resistance, visual distress survey like potholes....etc.) Establish maintenance priorities. Determine maintenance and rehabilitation strategies. Predict pavement performance at any time.
Excellent
Joint and crack sealing, surface seals
Patching, thinner overlays Thicker overlays
Reconstruction
Failed
Age
Serviceability
Performance of Flexible Pavement is closely related to elastic deflection of pavement under the wheel loads. Pavement deflection is measured by using Benkelman beam which consists of beam of 3.66 m
length pivoted at a distance of 2.44 m from the tip and a dial gauge is used for measuring deflection.
By suitably placing the beam between the dual wheels of the standard axle, it is possible to measure the rebound deflection of pavement structure.
DEFLECTION SURVEY
Deflection Survey consists of two operations:Pavement Condition survey for collecting the basic information of the pavement. Actual Deflection Measurements by using Benkelman beam, Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) or Loadman readings for Runway & Road Pavements.
Good: No cracking, rutting less than 10 mm Fair: No cracking or single crack in the wheel track with rutting between 10 mm to 20 mm Poor: Extensive cracking and / or rutting greater than 20 mm (sections with cracking exceeding 20 per cent shall be treated as a failed)
FACTORS AFFECTING REBOUND DEFLECTION Subgrade soil type Moisture content of the subgrade soil Type and thickness of the pavement component layer Temperature of the bituminous layers Previous loading history of traffic load on the Pavement Magnitude, contact pressure and configuration of the applied load and Other environmental factors
CALCULATIONS
D0 Di Df Initial reading (obtained when the rate of deformation of
pavement is less than 0.025mm per minute)
Intermediate reading
(Truck is slowly moved to a distance of 270 cm and stopped and reading obtained when the rate of deformation of pavement is less than 0.025mm per minute) obtained when the rate of deformation of pavement is less than 0 .025mm per minute)
Pavement temperature and tire pressure should be checked regularly & necessary correction should be applied
Overlay Deflection when Di Df < 0.025 mm D= 2 (Do Df ) Overlay Deflection when Di Df > 0.025 mm D= 2 (Do Df ) + 2K (Di Df ) Where K = 2.91
TEMPERATURE CORRECTION
Deflection measurements are generally taken at 350C. If the deflection measurements are taken at any other temperature, the deflection values are corrected by using correction factor of 0.01 mm/0C . The correction is positive (+ve) for pavement temperature is lower than the 350C and negative (-ve) for pavement temperature higher than the 350C.
Desirable to take deflection measurement during the season when the pavement is in its weakest condition
In India this period occurs soon after monsoon
When deflection are measured during the dry months, a correction factor is required
CF = maximum defection immediately after monsoon / minimum deflection in the dry months
CHARACTERISTIC DEFLECTION
Characteristics Deflection (DC) for major roads NH and SH
DC = x + 2* SD
Characteristics Deflection for all other roads
DC = x + SD
Where x = Mean deflection, mm
NS = The cumulative number of standard axles for the design in msa A = Initial Traffic, in the year of completion of construction, in terms of number of CVPD. r = Annual growth rate of commercial traffic x = Design life in years F = Vehicle damage factor D = Lane Distribution Factor.
DESIGN OF OVERLAY
Factory calibrated geophones are used to register peak deflections The operating sequence is completely automated Pulse loads between 1500 to 2700 lb (7 to 120 kN) are produced with the model 8000 FWD Optimum features available with various Dynatest FWD model include automated pavement temperature sensing and automated air temperature sensing