MATCHED FILTERS

a general representation for a matched filter

The PSD of the additive input noise, n(t) is known.

determine the filter characteristics (impulse response or transfer
function) that maximize the instantaneous power output with
respect to the average output noise power, i.e. design to the
criterion
( )
( ) t n
t s
N
S
o
2
0
2
0
=
|
.
|

\
|
PSD of the input noise
the design criterion minimizes the probability of error
for received digital signals.
The linear filter that meets the design criterion is a
matched filter.
The transfer function is:
( )
( )
( )
0
t j
n
e
f
f S
K f H
e
-
=
P

.
A matched filter is obtained by correlating a known
signal, with an unknown signal to detect the presence of
the known signal in the unknown signal
equivalent to convolving the unknown signal with a conjugated
time-reversed version of the template.
The matched filter is the optimal linear filter for maximizing
the (SNR) in the presence of additive stochastic noise.
The integrate and dump filter.
convolution is an operation on two functions f and g,
producing a third function that is typically viewed as a
modified version of one of the original functions, giving the
area overlap between the two functions as a function of
the amount that one of the original functions is translated
Convolution of 2 square pulses, the resulting waveform is a
triangular pulse.
One of the functions g(t) is first reflected at
0 = t
And then offset by t making it
) ( t t g
The area under the resulting product gives the convolution at t.
The horizontal axis is t for f*g and for f and g
For binary digital signalling, where the bit shape is
rectangular, the realization of the matched filter becomes
equivalent to an integrate and dump filter shown
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
} }

= = - =
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t
T t
d r d t h r t h t r t r
We have designed an optimised filter ie one that permits us to
sample the incoming signal at the instant when the signal level
is maximum.

We must integrate the noise-corrupted input signal over one bit period,
and then literally dump the output of the integrator at the end of the period.
The timing of the start and end of the integration range or interval requires
the use of an external bit synchronizer
Expand the illustration by including this circuit component.
Due to the presence of some remnant noise even after filtering, the output
is not yet binary.
We can make it binary by feeding it into a comparator at point C .

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
} }

= = - =
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t
T t
d r d t h r t h t r t r
Correlation Processing

A specially designed antenna transmits a short burst of
radio wave energy in a selected direction.
If the propagating wave strikes an object, such as the
helicopter in this illustration, a small fraction of the
energy is reflected back toward a radio receiver located
near the transmitter.
The transmitted pulse is a specific shape that we have
selected, such as the triangle shown in this example
The received signal will consist of two parts: (1) a shifted
and scaled version of the transmitted pulse, and (2) random
noise, wherefrom?
Since radio signals travel at a known rate, the speed of
light, the shift between the transmitted and received pulse is
a direct measure of the distance to the object being
detected.

Correlation is a mathematical operation that is very similar
to convolution.
uses two signals to produce a third signal. This third signal
is called the cross-correlation of the two input signals. If a
signal is correlated with itself, the resulting signal is instead
called the autocorrelation.
We correlate (another form of electronic integration) the
processor input, r(t), with the known (reference) signal
wave shape, s(t)
( ) ( ) ( )
}

=
0
0
0 0
t
T t
dt t s t r t r
Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM)

is a procedure of converting an analogue into a digital
signal in which an analogue signal is sampled and then
the difference between the actual sample value and its
predicted value is quantized and then encoded forming a
digital value.

(predicted value is based on previous sample or
samples)
In one realisation or design we can use a set of
tapped delay modules in which the tap outputs are
multiplied by gain factors.
We then sum the resulting products to produce
the filtered output. This structure is called the
transversal filter equaliser
Then design problem involves simply finding the best
values for the tap gains for reducing ISI to zero on the
output waveform.
One application of the transversal filter is the matched
filter