REFERENCE:

Instrumentation Measurement and Analysis

By BC Nakra and KK Chaudry
The Electrodynamic or electro-dynamometer (EDM)
instruments are very similar to PMMC instrument. But
instead of using a permanent Horseshoe magnet, the
EDM is using two fixed coils on either side of the moving
coil

These coils generate magnetic fields proportional to either
the current to be measured or to the voltage to be
measured.

The field coils are generally air cored to avoid errors due to
hysteresis effect and eddy currents.

The moving coil wherein the pointer is attached to is
connected in series with the fixed coils.

The deflection torque developed in the
moving coil suspended in the magnetic field
of fixed coils is
T
D
= BINA

In EDM instrument the magnetic flux density
B of the coil is directly proportional to the
current I flowing through it. Thus

T
D
o I
2

Because of the square law, the measuring
scale of the instrument is non-linear
There is over crowding of scale markings at
low current values and there is progressive
spreading of scale divisions at higher current
values.

The instrument is of universal type. It can be
used for ac and dc measurements
Due to the absence of an iron core, the
instrument does not display hysteresis effect
and eddy current losses are absent.
The instrument can be modified as a wattmeter.
The instrument can measure a range of current
and voltages up to 10A and 600V respectively
with an accuracy specification of 1%.
These instrument has the same calibration for dc
measurements as well as ac measurements.

These instruments have a low torque/weight
ratio as compared to DArsonval instrument.
Sensitivity is relatively low because of poor
deflecting torque, especially at low measured
ranges
The scale in non-uniform
Power consumption is high
The instrument can be affected by stray
magnetic field and has to covered with a
laminated shield.
The EDM movement for the measurements of
voltages and current can be conveniently used
to measure power for both dc inputs as well as
ac inputs of any waveform of voltage and
current.

For the EDM power meter, the fixed coil, known
as current coil, is excited by the total line current
flowing through the circuit, and the moving coil
is not connected in series with this circuit.
The Moving coil, usually called the pressure coil,
is exited independently by the small current
proportional to the voltage by introducing a high
multiplier resistance across the load circuit.
| cos
2
) (
(

=
=
f m
D
i f D
I V
K T
V I K T
The instrument indicates true power for both
dc as well as ac inputs.
The scale of the instrument is linear.
By careful design, an instrument with a high
degree of accuracy can be obtained and this
in turn could be used as standard calibration
purposes.
The deflecting torque is generated by the
interaction of eddy currents generated in the
aluminum disc supported on the jewelled
bearings, and the two fluxes generated by the
two magnets.


The deflection torque produced on the
aluminum disc is balanced by the controlling
torque of a torsion spring. This way, the
deflection of the pointer on the scale would
indicate the wattage on the load.
The deflection torque produced by the electrical load
causes the aluminum disc in this case, to rotate.
The rate of rotation is proportional to the wattage of
the load.
A permanent magnet can be used to control the
speed of the of the disc.
The consumption of energy (Wh) is proportional to
the number of rotations of the aluminum disc, in a
given time.
For counting the number of rotation, the spindle is
provided with a worm-screw and a worm-wheel
mechanism.
The worm wheel is connected to a train of gears which
are connected to the suitable energy consumed
register.
Tesla/Gauss Meter is used to measure the
intensity of magnetic field.

Magnetic flux measurements are commonly
based on hall-effect

Hall-effect the development of a voltage
between the two edges of a current carrying
conductor whose faces are perpendicular to
a magnetic field.