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Biography
born on June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany studied art and a variety of languages during his school years instead of going to college he travelled around Europe, where he kept a journal of all his life experiences along the way after traveling he then went to art school in 1927, where he then began to teach art and other subjects to children of Americans who had come to Vienna for Freudian training after teaching the children in Vienna he then was admitted into the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute 1933 moved to the United States There he became Bostons first child analyst and received a position at the Harvard Medical school Moved to California to the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioural Sciences at Palo Alto and later Mount Zion Hospital in San Francisco where he was a clinician and psychiatric consultant
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Erik Erikson's early work focused chiefly on testing and extending Freudian theory in relation to the effect of social and cultural factors upon human psychology, in addition he focus more on how society affects childhood and development. 1950 moved to Massachusetts, where he taught and worked for ten years In the same year he wrote his first book, which is said to be his most important one called Childhood and Society, it was in this book he first explained his eight stages theory of human development He also wrote many other books that talked about his interest in humanistic and society perspectives He later retired from clinical practice but did not stop his research and his writing Died on May 12th 1994 at the age of 91
Stage 2 Muscular-Anal
age 1 to 3 years (toddler) Basic conflict is autonomy vs. shame/doubt The important event is toilet training and the important relationship is with the parents The childs energy is directed towards mastering physical skills such as walking, grasping and muscular control The child learns self control but may develop shame, doubt, impulsivity or compulsion if not handled well
Stage 3 Locomotor
age 3 to 6 years (preschool) basic conflict is initiative vs. guilt the important event is independence and the important relationship is family the child continues to become more assertive in exploration, discovery, adventure and play the child may show too much force in this stage causing feelings of guilt failure to resolve this conflict can lead to ruthlessness and inhibition
Stage 4 Latency
age 6 to 12 years (school age) the basic conflict in this stage is industry vs. inferiority the important event is school and the important relationships are teachers, friends and neighbourhood the child must learn to deal with new skills and develop a sense of achievement and accomplishment failure to do so can create a sense of inferiority, failure and incompetence
Stage 5 Adolescence
age 12 to 20 years (adolescent) the basic conflict is identity vs. role confusion the important event is development of peer relationships and the important relationships are peers, groups and social influences The teenager must achieve a sense of identity in occupation, sex roles, politics and religion. In addition, they must resolve their identity and direction. Failure to make these resolutions can lead to the repression of aspects of the individual for the sake of others (fanaticism)
Stage 8 Maturity
age 65 to death the basic conflict is ego integrity vs. despair the important event is reflection on and acceptance of the individuals life the individual is creating meaning and purpose of ones life and reflecting on life achievements failure to resolve this conflict can create feelings of disdain
References
Boeree, C. G., Dr. (1997, 2006). Erik Erikson Retrieved October 23, 2008, from http://webspace.ship.edu//.html Erik Erikson [Slide show]. (n.d.). Retrieved October 22, 2008, from http://www.slideshare.net//erikson-312257 Erik Eriksons psychosocial theory of development. (n.d.). Retrieved October 23, 2008, from http://www.businessballs.com/_erikson_psychosocial_t heory.htm Gerhardt, K. (2008, September 17). Developmental psychology, chapter two, Erik Erikson. Lecture presented at Nipissing University - Brantford Campus. Stages of social-emotional development. (n.d.). Retrieved October 23, 2008, from http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com//.shtml