Concrete Man made stone

constituents
x x

mixture of aggregate and paste paste 30 to 40%

x x

portland cement water coarse aggregates Fine aggregates

7% to 15% by Vol. 14% to 21% by Vol.

Aggregates 60% to 70%

x x

Admixtures

Portland Cement
Dry powder of very fine particles x forms a paste when mixed with water x chemical reaction-Hydration x glue x paste coats all the aggregates together x hardens and forms a solid mass
x

Water
x

needed for two purposes:

x x

chemical reaction with cement workability

x x x x

only 1/3 of the water is needed for chemical reaction extra water remains in pores and holes results in porosity Good for preventing plastic shrinkage cracking and workability Bad for permeability, strength, durability.

Aggregates
cheap fillers x hard material x provide for volume stability x reduce volume changes x provide abrasion resistance
x

Admixtures
x

chemical
x set

retarders x set accelerators x water reducing x air entraining

x

mineral
x fly

ash x silica fume x slags

Properties of fresh concrete

x

Workability
x ease

of placement x resistance to segregation x homogeneous mass

x

Consistency
x ability

to flow

Slump Test
x x

x x

Inverted cone fill it up with three layers of equal volume rod each layer 25 times scrape off the surface

12

Slump Test
slump cone rod

concrete

Slump test
Ruler Slump

Slump test results

x

stiff

0-2

x massive

sections, little reinforcement x use vibration

x

medium
x columns,

2-5
beams, retaining walls

Fluid
x heavily

5-7
reinforced section, flowable concrete

Factors affecting slump

x

water cement ratio

x w/c

= weight of water / weight of cement

292 lbs. 685 lbs./cu. yard

example: weight of water mixed at the plant weight of cement w/c = 292/685 = 0.43

water cement ratio

if you add 10 gallons of water per cubic yard at job site, then: extra water 10 gallons/cubic yard * (3.8 liters/gallon) * (2.2 lbs./kg) *( 1kg/liter) = 83.77 lbs. total water 282 + 83.77 = 365.77

Factors affecting slumppaste content

x

constant water cement ratio

x increase
x

paste content

increase slump x NO GOOD x

constant cement content

x

increase water content

increase slump x NO GOOD
x

Factors Affecting SlumpWater Content

Add water at the constant cement content, w/c increases, slump increases. x Add water at a constant water cement ratio, have to increase cement as well, slump increases.
x

Factors affecting slump-paste content

Low paste content Harsh mix

High paste content Rich mix

ball bearing effect-start

starting height

ball bearing effect-end

slump

Admixtures
set retarding admixtures x set accelerating admixtures x water reducing admixtures x superplasticizers x air entraining admixtures
x

Factors affecting slump

x

Aggregates
x grading

the larger the particle size, the higher the slump for a given paste content

effect of aggregate size

1 1 Consider a single aggregate the size of 1x1x1

block surface area = 0.5*0.5*6=1. block surface area = 1*1*6= 6

Compute the surface area as you break up the particles

volume = 1 cubic in surface area = 6 square inches volume = 1 cubic in surface area = 1.5*8= 12 square inc

Break it up further

Compute the surface area

surface area = 0.25*0.25*6*8*8=24

0.5 in

0.25 in

Larger particles, less surface area, thicker coating, easy sliding of particles

Smaller particles, more surface area, thinner coating, interlocking of particles

Effect of aggregate size

size 1" .5" 0.25 0.125 # of particles 1 8 64 512 volum e 1 cubic inch surface area 6 square inches

1 cubic inch 12 square inches 1 cubic inch 24 square inches 1 cubic inch 48 square inches

Angularity and surface texture of aggregates

angular and rough aggregate

smooth aggregate river gravel

Temperature
fresh concrete paste

aggregates

Bleeding

Water accumulation on surface

Examine the concrete surface

Interaction between bleeding and evaporation

Evaporation surface water Bleed water

Bleed water = evaporation

Too much evaporation leads to surface cracking

Evaporation no surface water drying

Bleed water < Evaporation

Side diagram of surface contraction

Wants to shrink

Does not want to shrink

Free Shrinkage, causes volume change, but no stresses

before shrinkage

After Shrinkage

Restrained Shrinkage- creates stresses, which may cause cracking

Restrained shrinkage cracking

Parallel cracking perpendicular to the direction of shrinkage

Bleeding and its control

x

Creates problems:
x poor

causes
x lack

pumpability x delays in finishing x high w/c at the top x poor bond between two layers

of fines x too much water content

x

Remedies
x more

fines x adjust grading x entrained air x reduce water content

Causes of Plastic Shrinkage Cracking water evaporates faster than it can reach the top surface x drying while plastic x cracking
x

Plastic Shrinkage CrackingRemedies

Control the wind velocity x reduce the concretes temperature
x
x use

ice as mixing water

increase the humidity at the surface

x fogging x cover

w/polyethylene x curing compound

x

Fiber reinforcement

Curing
The time needed for the chemical reaction of portland cement with water. x Glue is being made. x concrete after 14 days of curing has completed only 40% of its potential. x 70 % at 28 days.
x

Curing tips
x x x x x x

ample water do not let it dry dry concrete = dead concrete, all reactions stop can not revitalize concrete after it dries keep temperature at a moderate level concrete with flyash requires longer curing

Temperature effects on curing

x x x

The higher the temperature the faster the curing best temperature is room temperature strongest concrete is made at temperature around 40 F.(not practical) If concrete freezes during the first 24 hrs., it may never be able to attain its original properties.

Temperature effects on curing

x x

real high temperatures above 120 F can cause serious damage since cement may set too fast. accelerated curing procedures produce strong concrete, but durability might suffer. autoclave curing.

Thank you