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Outline
Introduction Advantages and Disadvantages Future Requirements Gas Turbine Combustors Ongoing Research Conclusions Acknowledgement
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Steam Turbine
Water Turbines
Wind Turbines
Gas Turbines
High Pressure, High Temperature gas Generated inside the engine Expands through a specially designed TURBINE
IIT, Kanpur
GAS TURBINES
Invented in 1930 by Frank Whittle Patented in 1934 First used for aircraft propulsion in 1942 on Me262 by Germans during second world war Currently most of the aircrafts and ships use GT engines Used for power generation Manufacturers: General Electric, Pratt &Whitney, SNECMA, Rolls Royce, Honeywell, Siemens Westinghouse, Alstom Indian take: Kaveri Engine by GTRE (DRDO)
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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Intake
Compressor
Slow down incoming air Remove distortions Dynamically Compress air Heat addition through chemical reaction Run the compressor Generation of thrust power/shaft power
Combustor
Turbine
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Great power-to-weight ratio compared to reciprocating engines. Smaller than their reciprocating counterparts of the same power. Lower emission levels
Expensive:
high speeds and high operating temperatures designing and manufacturing gas turbines is a tough problem from both the engineering and materials standpoint
Tend to use more fuel when they are idling They prefer a constant rather than a fluctuating load.
That makes gas turbines great for things like transcontinental jet aircraft and power plants, but explains why we don't have one under the hood of our car.
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Lower emission compared to all conventional methods (except nuclear) Regulations require further reduction in emission levels
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Power Generation
Fuel Economy Low Emissions Alternative fuels High Thrust Low Weight Low emissions High Thrust Low Weight Fuel Economy
Military Aircrafts
Commercial Aircrafts
Double the size of the Aircraft and double the distance traveled with 50% NOx
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IIT, Kanpur
Ongoing Research
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Tunable inlet to create weak disturbance of varying frequency Bluff body stabilized flame Unsteady pressure and heat release measurement
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= 0.2211 L = 20 cm
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Less damping with increasing length Causes the rise is pressure fluctuations
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ma = 3.0g / s , = 0.3455
Dominant Frequency governed by vortex dynamics Feed back locking of flow instability and combustion process Phase relationship leads to enhancement of combustion oscillations
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Ongoing Research
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Primary zone Fuel air mixing Intense combustion Short combustion length High turbulence Fuel rich combustion
Understanding recirculating flow dynamics Time scales Pressure transients Energy cascading Combustion in recirculating flows Droplet Flow interaction
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Image Processing
Grayscale image
Intensity image
Simulation results
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Vortex Dynamics
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Transient Analysis
Identification of signatures of re-circulation, turbulence and acoustics through frequency domain analysis of pressure transients
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IIT, Kanpur
Ongoing Research
Effect of inlet disturbances Combustion in recirculating flows Spray Combustion Needs and Challenges Controlled atomization Emissions in spray combustion
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IIT, Kanpur
Big Drops => Longer Evaporation Time => Incomplete Combustion => Unburned Hydrocarbons & Soot, Reduced Efficiency Small Drops => Faster Evaporation and Mixing => Elongated Combustion Zone => More NOx Uniform size distribution for favorable pattern factor
IIT, Kanpur
Ongoing Research
Effect of inlet disturbances Combustion in recirculating flows Spray Combustion Needs and Challenges Controlled atomization Emissions in spray combustion
IIT, Kanpur
Good atomization with small pressure drop Both hollow-cone and solid cone spray from same atomizer (wide range of applications) Possible to atomize very viscous liquid Self cleaning Finer atomization at low flow rates Less sensitive to manufacturing defects The liquid flow rate and atomization quality can be controlled
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Performance
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1.5
0.5
70 60 D32 ( m)
0.7
0.8
IIT, Kanpur
Ongoing Research
Effect of inlet disturbances Combustion in recirculating flows Spray Combustion Needs and Challenges Controlled atomization Emissions in spray combustion
IIT, Kanpur
Measured values quite less compared to the theoretical predictions Inherent fuel staging reduces the NOx Longer flame => less NOx
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Conclusions
Disturbances can lead to combustion oscillations Recirculating flow helps in reducing disturbances Controlled Atomization can be achieved through air-assisting Spray combustion reduces NOx emissions through fuel staging
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Acknowledgements
Dr. K. Ramamurthi M. S. Rawat LPSC (ISRO) S. K. Gupta CFEES (DRDO) S. Pandey P. Berman J. Karnawat S. Karmakar N. P. Yadav S. Nigam R. Sailaja M. Madanmohan
IIT, Kanpur
THANK YOU
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