Stress classes

1. Primary stress
a. General:
Primary general membrane stress, P, Primary general bending stress, Pb b. Primary local stress, PL

2. Secondary stress
a. Secondary membrane stress, Q, b. Secondary bending stress, Qb

3. Peak stress, F

Defination
Membrane Stress=any stress which is uniform over the thickness of a thin component Bending Stress=any stress which varies linearly over the thickness of a thin component For general loads that apply more or less uniformly across an entire section, the corresponding stresses must be lower, since the entire vessel must support that loading. local loads, the corresponding stresses are confined to a small portion of the vessel and normally fall off rapidly in distance from the applied load.

Primary stress
Primary Stresses are produced by steady mechanical load excluding discontinuity stresses and stress concentration It is not self limiting It is subdivided into two subcategories General and local

Primary general stress

These stresses act over a full cross section of the vessel. The primary general stress is imposed on the vessel by equilibration of external and internal mechanical forces. Any yield through the section will not distribute the stress but will result in gross distortion and often carried to failure. They are produced by mechanical loads (load induced) and are the most hazardous of all types of stress. Primary general stresses are divided into membrane and bending stresses The need for dividing primary general stress into membrane and bending is that the calculated value of a primary bending stress may be allowed to go higher than that of a primary membrane stress. And if any value of primary stress exceed the yield strength, it can cause failure or gross distortion.

Primary general Membrance stress

It is the component of primary stress proportional to distance from centroid of solid section excludes discontinuities and concentration produced only by mechanical loads. It is the average primary stress across solid section excludes discontinuities and stress concentration. It is produced by mechanical loads only. This stress occurs across the entire cross section of the vessel. It is remote from discontinuities such as head-shell intersections, cone-cylinder intersections, nozzles, and support Examples: I. Circumferential and longitudinal stress due to pressure II. Compressive and tensile axial stresses due to wind III. Membrane stress in the center of the flat head

Primary general bending stress

Primary bending stresses are due to sustained loads and are capable of causing collapse of the vessel There are relatively few areas where primary bending occurs I. Bending stress in the center of a flat head II. Bending stress in a shallow conical head

Local primary membrane stress

It is the average stress across the any solid section considers discontinuities but not concentration ,produced by mechanical loads only. Local primary stress is produced by design pressure alone or by other mechanical loads. It has some self limiting characterizes. If the local primary stress exceed the yield point the load is distributed or taken by other parts. However such condition may cause sudden deformation, so it is necessary to assign a lower allowable stress to limit this type of stress other than to secondary stresses. The max stress is localized and diminishes rapidly with the distance from the point of load application. Stress due to support, stress due to I.P at structural discontinuities.

Secondary Stress
Their fundamental characteristic is not to be involved in balancing the forces applied to the vessel, and to be for this reason self-limiting Self equilibrium stresses necessary to satisfy continuity of structure occurs at structural discontinuities can be caused by mechanical load or by differential thermal expansion excludes local stress concentration. Secondary stresses are divided into two additional groups, membrane and bending Secondary membrane stress Thermal stresses , Membrane stress in the knuckle area of the head Secondary bending stress Bending stress at a gross structural discontinuity , Discontinuity stresses at support rings

Peak stress
Peak stresses are the additional stresses due to stress intensification in highly localized areas. They apply to both sustained loads and self-limiting loads There are no significant distortions associated with peak stresses It is an increment of stress over and above the primary and secondary stresses, caused by discontinuities or local thermal stress .It is the highest stress at some local point under consideration Peak stresses are only significant in fatigue conditions or brittle materials. It does not generate any noticeable distortion but it can be a source of fatigue crack or stress corrosion or delayed fracture. Stress at the corner of a discontinuity,Thermal stresses in cladding Stress due to notch effect