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By Somnath Mondal
Simplified concept
SSRI
SRI
Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmacology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000
Immediate blockade of serotonin transporter on axon terminals and in somato-dendritic areas of serotonergic neurone Delayed down regulation/desensitisation of somato-dendritic serotonin 1A receptors Delayed disinhibition (i.e., turning on) of serotonin release from axon terminals
Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmacology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000
Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmacology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000
Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmacology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000
s s s s
Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmacology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000
Response is frequently incomplete recovery Usual dose is often higher than the initial dose Onset of action 1226 weeks Target symptoms not worsened at first Individual patients can respond quite differently to one SSRI compared to another
Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmacology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000
s s
Response is often robust, with complete recovery after many months of SSRI treatment more likely with concomitant behavioural therapy encouraging socialisation Usual starting dose is often lower than the starting doses for other indications, although ultimate dose may be higher than usual antidepressant doses Target symptoms not usually worsened at first, but agitation and unexpected panic attacks can occur when SSRI treatment is initiated Onset of action 38 weeks
Response is frequently robust but incomplete at 8 weeks of treatment Usual starting dose is lower than the starting doses for other indications to avoid activating side effects Target symptoms often worsened at first, including panic, nightmares and flashbacks Onset of action 38 weeks
Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmacology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000
Usual starting dose is higher than the starting doses for other indications Target symptoms often rapidly improved Not well established for prevention of relapses long term
s s
Unwanted stimulation of undesired serotonin receptor subtypes Cost of doing business Especially clinically relevant are unwanted stimulation of 5HT2A/2C and/or 5HT3/4 receptors in various specific pathways and tissues
s s
Linked to short term mediation of: anxiety/panic attacks insomnia agitation/jitteriness sexual dysfunction (especially anorgasmia and ejaculatory delay) apathy/anhedonia/decreased libido stimulation of 5HT2A receptors inhibits dopamine release
Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmacology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000
Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmacology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000
Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmacology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000
Mice without 5HT2C receptors are obese Blockade of 5HT2C receptors, especially simultaneous with blockade of histamine 1 receptors, is associated with weight gain Acute stimulation can cause weight loss and anxiety Chronic stimulation can cause weight gain
Decreased feeding (5HT3) Loss of appetite/nausea (5HT3) Vomiting (chemoreceptor trigger zone/5HT3) Increased bowel motility (5HT3 and 5HT4)
Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmacology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000
Stahl SM. Essential Psychopharmacology, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000
Blockade of serotonin transporters leads to increases in serotonin throughout the CNS and throughout the body Increases of serotonin in the right places leads to therapeutic actions: i.e., at somato-dendritic autoreceptors in the midbrain raphe Increases of serotonin in the wrong places can lead to side effects, especially at 5HT2A and 5HT3 receptors (but also at 5HT2C and 5HT4 receptors)
DRI
RI N
m-AC h
SSRI
SRI
CY P1 CY A2 P 3A 3, 4
NO S
Potentially important secondary Potentially important secondary binding properties for each SSRI properties for each SSRI
s s s s s
Fluoxetine and serotonin 2C stimulation Sertraline and dopaminergic stimulation Paroxetine and anticholinergic properties Fluvoxamine and sigma properties Citalopram and selectivity
5HT2C agonist
5H T2 C
s Fluoxetine
Possible weight loss or less weight gain Possible increased efficacy in bulimia and binge eating Possibly overly stimulating in some patients Possibly harder to titrate in panic disorder, social phobia and PTSD due to activating and anxiogenic properties in some patients
m-AC h
s Paroxetine
Possibly well tolerated in anxious patients, even reducing anxiety before delayed SSRI actions begin Possibly able to improve sleep early in treatment Might be poorly tolerated in elderly with early cognitive problems or Alzheimers disease Might cause mild anticholinergic side effects such as constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, sedation Might cause more sexual dysfunction, (especially erectile dysfunction), more weight gain and more withdrawal problems
Sigma ( ) blockade
s Fluvoxamine s (Sertraline)
Possible anxiolytic actions Possible antipsychotic actions Possible increased GI side effects
s Sertraline
Possible cognitive enhancement Less prolactin elevation Possibly less weight gain Possibly too activating in some patients, thus necessitating dose titration especially in those with anxiety disorders
Citalopram
SRI
Side effects and therapeutic effects predictable based upon serotonergic mechanisms alone Possibly less activation and less sedation than SSRIs with secondary actions Possibly faster onset due to lack of side effects allowing rapid dose titration Possibly good compliance at initiation of dosing if serotonergic side effects minimal
CYP 2C19
s Fluvoxamine
CY P2 C19
CYP 1A2
s Fluvoxamine
CY P1 A2
May require dose reduction of concomitantly administered theophylline (or caffeine) May require dose reduction of concomitantly administered atypical antipsychotics (especially clozapine and olanzapine)
CYP 2D6
s s s s
If switching from (or adding to) tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), may require dose reduction or monitoring of therapeutic drug levels of the TCA May decrease the efficacy of codeine in pain relief and require substitution of another opiate analgesic May require decreased dosages of some concomitantly administered beta-blockers
CYP 3A4
s Fluvoxamine s Fluoxetine
CY P 3A 4
Cannot administer with certain drugs, or a lethal reaction is possible (e.g., with cisapride, pimozide, astemazole and terfenadine) May require dosage reduction of concomitantly administered alprazolam and triazolam
All SSRIs share a common therapeutic mechanism of action in depression, OCD, panic disorder, social phobia and PTSD All SSRIs can create unwanted side effects from stimulating 5HT2A and 5HT3 receptors Various SSRIs have potentially clinically significant drug interactions, but these differ from one SSRI to another No two SSRIs have the same secondary binding features, and this may account for why some patients respond to one SSRI, or tolerate one SSRI, better than another