NETWORK MANAGEMENT

Effective network management optimizes a telecommunication networks operational capabilities and resources - Optimization. System Depth - A Network Management Problem Network Management - From A PSTN Perspective
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Network Management Functions

Some of the primary functions of network management can be listed as: It keeps the network operating at peak performance. It informs the operator of impending deterioration. It provides easy alternative routing and work arounds when deterioration or failure takes place. It provides the tools for pinpointing the causes of performance deterioration or failure. It serves as the front-line command post for network survivability.
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SYSTEM DEPTH A Network Management Problem

1- Isolated LAN - A Fairly Simple Example
There is only a singular transmission medium and, under normal operating conditions, only one user is transmitting information to one or several receipients. It is limited to only two OSI Layers and for troubleshooting, often a protocol analyzer will suffice, although much more elaborate network management schemes and equipment are available.
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2- Connected LAN - A Complicated Challenge

An example is a VAX running DECNET, that is a station on a CSMA/CD LAN.

The LAN is bridged to a frame relay box that fed a 384 kbps channel with an E1 hierarchy (06 E0 channels), via tandemed microwave links to a large facility at the distant end (550 Km) with similar characteristics.
Such is typical of a fairly complex network requiring an overall network management system.

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Network Management Provisioning Aids

Modern E1 & T1 digital systems are provided a means for operational monitoring of performance. This monitoring is done in quasi-real time and while operational, i.e. in traffic.

Communication Channels for the Network Management System

A network management facility is usually centrally located which must monitor and control distant communications equipment. It must have some means of communicating with this equipment which may be widely dispersed geographically. DS1 & E1 systems provide a data channel for operations and maintenance (OAM). Higher levels of the DS1 & E1 hierarchies have special communication channels for OAM.
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 The solution for a LAN is comparatively straight-forward, in which the network management facility or LAN protocol analyzer becomes just another active station on the LAN. Network management traffic remains as any other revenue-bearing traffic on the LAN, and ofcourse this should not overpower the LAN with message unit quantity. For a true network management system, a separate network managenent communication channel may have to be provided and sandwiched into the physical layer. However, SNMP was developed to typically use the transport services of UDP/IP, which is an additional overhead.
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Network Management From A PSTN Perspective

Objectives & Functions: The accurate term defining the network management perfectly is Surveillance & Control. The major objectives for network surveillance and control organizations are: Maintaining a high level of network resources utilization Minimizing the effects of network overloads Supporting the National Security Emergency Preparedness Commitment
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There are three important functions that contribute to attaining the above stated objectives: Network Traffic Management
- NTM Center - NTM Principles - NTM Functions - NTM Controls

Network Services Service Evaluation

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Network Traffic Management Center

An NTM center provides real time surveillance and control of message traffic in local access and transport area (LATA) telephone networks. The goal of an ATM center is to increase call completions and optimize the use of available trunks and switching equipment. Several dedicated Operational Support Systems are employed by an NTM center to achieve this goal by accumulating information. Using this information and call control capability, a network traffic manager can optimize the call-carrying capacity of the network. OSSs also enable the network traffic manager to interact with the network to minimize the adverse effects of traffic overloads and machine/facility failures.
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Network Traffic Management Principles

NTM decisions are guided by four priciples, which apply regardless of switching technology, network structure, signalling characteristics or routing techniques. All NTM control actions are based on atleast one of the following principles: Keeping all trunks filled with messages. Giving priority to single link connections. Use of available trunking. Inhibit switching congestion.
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Network Traffic Management Functions

General Network Overload:
It is caused by changes in traffic patterns and increased traffic load.

Focused Overload:
It is generally directed toward a particular location and may result from media stimulation.

Switching System Overload:

It occurs because each individual switch is engineered to handle a specific load that is known as engineered capacity.
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Network Traffic Management Controls

1- Circuit - Switched Network Controls
Protective Controls:
These controls remove traffic from the network during overload conditions. This traffic is usually removed as close as possible to its origin, thus making more of the network available to other traffic with a higher probability of completion.

Expansive Controls:
These controls reroute traffic from routes experiencing overflows or failures to other parts of the network that are lightly loaded with traffic because of non-coincident trunk and switching system busy hours.
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2- Automatic Controls in Modern Digital Switches

The current computer-based switches may include the following types of automatic controls: Selective dynamic overload control Selective trunk reservation Dynamic overload control Trunk reservation Selective incoming load control
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REFERENCE
Chapter - 21, Fundamentals of Telecommunications by Roger L. Freeman, 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc. N.J., 2005.

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