Motors

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Presentation outline
Introduction MOTORS : Need, Definition, Working principle, Types, construction, Motor starting commonly used Motors in power plants

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Introduction & Definition :

Motors Everywhere ! An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Historical background : Electrical drives

Drive : Prime mover , transmission, proper machine

3000 BC : water wheels

Until end of 19th century : motive power by steam and water Seventies of 19th century : Dev of DC motors Availability of single phase AC Eighties of 19th century : 3 phase AC system changes in drive practices
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Various types of motors

Winding and operating principle : DC Motors Shunt, Series Compound AC Motors 1 Ph, 3 Ph Synch motor Induction motor

Voltage : HT motor, LT motor, control (servo) motor Use : dust proof, mining, marine application etc Ex.- washing m/c, refrigerator compressor, bench grinder, table saws etc.
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Type of excitation
Singly Excited
AC Induction motors

Doubly Excited
Synchronous,DC & Others

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Induction Motor
Accounts for more than 80% of the total polyphase ac motors. Stator with distributed windings Rotor with distributed windings/bars

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Types of AC Motors
SQUIRREL CAGE 3Ph. WINDING IN STATOR COPPER BARS IN ROTOR 3Ph WINDING IN STATOR 3 Ph. WINDING IN ROTOR
(SHORTED INTERNALLY)

WOUND ROTOR

WOUND ROTOR WITH SLIP RING SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

3 Ph. WINDING IN STATOR 3 Ph. WINDING IN ROTOR (TERMINATED TO SLIP RINGS) 3 Ph WINDING IN STATOR DC WINDING IN ROTOR (TERMINATED TO SLIP RINGS)
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Induction motor classification

Squirrel Cage Slip ring or wound rotor

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STATOR

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ROTOR

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STATOR

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ROTOR

Figure 7.10 Squirrel cage rotor

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How the Electric motors work

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How the Electric motors work

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Squirrel cage Induction motor

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Induction Motor Construction

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Induction motor

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Induction Motor Speed and Slip

120 X F S= P

Synch. Speed
F = Frequency p = No. of poles

Actual shaft speed = Synch speed Slip Or %s = (Ns Nr) / Ns

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Glossary of Motor Terms

AIR GAP The space between the rotating (rotor) and stationary (stator) members in an electric motor. BASE SPEED, RPM The speed in revolutions per minute (RPM) . BEARINGS Bearings reduce friction and wear while supporting rotating elements. When used in a motor, they must provide a relatively rigid support for the output shaft. Bearings act as the connection point between the rotating and stationary elements of a motor.

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CORE The iron portion of the stator and rotor made up of cylindrical laminated electric steel. The stator and rotor cores are concentric and separated by an air gap, with the rotor core being the smaller of the two and inside to the stator core. COUPLING The mechanical connector joining the motor shaft to the equipment to be driven.

INDUCTION MOTOR An induction motor is an alternating current motor in which the primary winding on one member (usually the stator) is connected to the power source and a secondary winding or a squirrel-cage secondary winding on the other member (usually the rotor) carries the induced current. There is no physical electrical connection to the secondary winding, its current is induced

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FLUX The magnetic field which is established around an energized conductor or permanent magnet. The field is represented by flux lines creating a flux pattern between opposite poles. The density of the flux lines is a measure of the strength of the magnetic field. FREQUENCY The rate at which alternating current makes a complete cycle of reversals. It is expressed in cycles per second. In the U.S., 60 cycles (Hz) is the standard while in other countries 50 Hz (cycles) is common. The frequency of the AC current will affect the speed of a motor FULL-LOAD CURRENT The current flowing through the line when the motor is operating at fullload torque and full-load speed with rated frequency and voltage applied to the motor terminals.

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ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD The force created by the stator once power is applied to it that causes the rotor to turn. ROTOR The rotating member of an induction motor made up of stacked laminations. A shaft running through the center and a squirrel cage made in most cases of aluminum, which holds the laminations together, and act as a conductor for the induced magnetic field. The squirrel cage is made by casting molten aluminum into the slots cut into each lamination. SLIP The difference between the speed of the rotating magnetic field (which is always synchronous) and the rotor in a nonsynchronous induction motor is known as slip. It is expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed. Slip generally increases with an increase in torque.

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STATOR That part of an AC induction motor's magnetic structure which does not rotate. It usually contains the primary winding. The stator is made up of laminations with a large hole in the center in which the rotor can turn; there are slots in the stator in which the windings for the coils are inserted. SYNCHRONOUS SPEED The speed of the rotating magnetic field set up by the stator winding of an induction motor. In a synchronous motor, the rotor locks into step with the rotating magnetic field and the motor is said to run at synchronous speed. Approximately the speed of the motor with no load on it.

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Induction motor: Rotor

The induction rotor is made of a laminated cylinder with slots in its surface. The most common is the squirrel-cage winding. This entire winding is made up of heavy copper bars connected together at each end by a metal ring made of copper or brass. No insulation is required between the core and the bars. This is because of the very low voltages generated in the rotor bars.

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PRINCIPLE OF ROTATION
WHEN POLYPHASE VOLTAGE IS APPLIED TO THE POLYPHASE WDG. OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR , A ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD IS PRODUCED.THE SPEED OF THIS ROTATING FIELD IS CALLED SYNCHRONOUS SPEED. BY MAGNETIC INDUCTION AN EMF WILL INDUCED IN ROTOR AND THIS WILL PRODUCE CURRENT IN THE ROTOR CIRCUIT. THIS CURRENT WILL INDUCE FLUX WHICH WILL INTERACT WITH MMF OF STATOR AND TRY TO NULLIFY THE STATOR MMF. THIS IS ACHIEVED BY ROTATION OF THE ROTOR NEAR TO SYNCHRONOUS SPEED.

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Induction motor - rotating field

ia=Imcos wt ib=Imcos (wt 1200) ic=Imcos (wt 2400)

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Analysis of operation
On start-up the slip is s=1 and the starting torque (also known as a breakaway torque) is sufficiently large to accelerate the rotor (the rotor has previously been 'locked' - stationary) As the rotor runs up to its full-load speed the torque increases in essentially inverse proportion to the slip the start-up and running curves merge to give the characteristic as shown on the previous slide After the torque reached its maximum, it rapidly falls to zero, at the synchronous speed, Ns Looking backwards: as rotor speed falls below Ns the torque increases almost linearly to a maximum dictated by the full load (plus rotor losses) the speed only falls a little when the load is raised from 0 to its full value - this is a normal operating region

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Analysis of operation
the induction motor may be regarded as a constant speed machine (similarly to a shunt DC motor) Other key features: The maximum speed is a synchronous speed, Ns, independent of the applied voltage Torque is proportional to the V2 at an arbitrary speed When operating at 90-95% Ns heat losses are at minimum
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Motor efficiency vs loading

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Performance Terms and Definitions

Efficiency :
The efficiency of the motor is given by

Ploss P out 1 Pin Pin

Where Pout Output power of the motor Pin Input power of the motor

PLoss Losses occurring in motor

Motor Loading :
Motor Loading % =
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Actual operating load of the motor Rated capacity of the motor

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Motor Speed

The actual speed, which the motor operates, will be less than the synchronous speed. The difference between synchronous and full load speed is called slip and is measured in percent. It is calculated using this equation:

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Power factor
Power Factor Cos kW kVA
As the load on the motor is reduced, the magnitude of the active current reduces. However, there is not a corresponding reduction in the magnetizing current, with the result that the motor power factor reduces, or gets worse, with a reduction in applied load.

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Motor Efficiency

Electric motors are electromagnetic energy converters whose function is based on the force exerted between electrical currents and magnetic fields which are usually electrically excited as well. A typical value for an 11 kW standard motor is around 90 per cent and, for 100 kW, up to 94 per cent.
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Range of losses in Induction motors

Range 1 - 10 10 - 50 50 - 200 200 - 1500 HP HP HP HP Energy Loss at Full Load (%) 14.0 - 35 9.0 - 15 6.0 - 12 4.0 - 07 2.3 - 04

1500 - HP & ABOVE

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Motor losses
The % losses indicated are for 3000 rpm motors, and 1500 rpm motors in brackets.
Core Loss : approx 18% (22%) of total loss at full load Stator and Rotor Resistance (I2R) Loss: approx 42% (56%) of total loss at full Load Friction and Windage Loss approx 30% (11%) of total loss at full load

Stray Load Loss : approx 10%(11%) of total loss at full load

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Life cycle cost of a motor

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Starters of AC Induction Motors

DOL STAR DELTA SOFT STARTERS RESISTANCE AUTO TRANSFORMER UPTO 5 kW 5 TO 100 Kw

100 kW to 800 kW

LIQUID ROTOR RESISTANCE

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800 kW & ABOVE

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Starters Typical characteristics

Motor Current

Typical Data Starter DOL Star/Delta Resistance Ist 6Im 4Im 3Im tSt 3 sec 6 sec 10 sec

ISt

Im

Time
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tSt

Types of AC Motors (Voltage based)

HT Motors 3.3/6.6 kV motors Above 500 kW Breaker operated

LT Motors

415 V motors FHP to 500 kW DOL / Star-Delta starters Both contactor / Breaker started

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Operating a motor in Star instead of Delta

When a delta motor is connected in star, the voltage across the windings is reduced by the square root of three resulting in reduced flux in the iron. This will reduce the magnetising current, and will also reduce the torque capacity of the motor. If you operate at light loads, there will be no problem, however if you operate at high loads, the slip of the motor will be increased dramatically and it may stall. The increased slip will result in a dramatic increase in the power dissipated in the rotor. If the motor begins to stall, the stator will also suffer excess heating causing a motor failure.
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Comparison of starters

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Soft Starters for Induction Motors

AC induction motors are frequently used at fixed speeds and the overwhelming majority of these are powered at full rated voltage direct on line (DOL). The starting current is 5-7 times the full load current This causes far higher torque than is delivered at full load and creates the customary "snatch" from the motor that can result in wear and mechanical damage to couplings and transmission equipment and even to pipe work in pump applications Star-Delta starters work by first connecting the motor in star configuration so that only 58% of the full line voltage is applied to the motor. After a short period, this connection is changed to delta thereby applying the full line voltage. The transition from star to delta also introduces some current peaks, which can be as bad as using DOL starting. The contactors used for this method also require regular maintenance.
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Characteristics

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Variable Torque Vs. Constant Torque

Variable torque loads include centrifugal pumps and fans, which make up the majority of HVAC applications. Constant torque loads include vibrating conveyors, punch presses, rock crushers, machine tools, and other applications where the drive follows a constant V/Hz ratio.

Typical full-load efficiencies are 95% and higher

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MOTOR LOADING SURVEY

Input Power Measurements
First measure input power Pi with a hand held or in-line power meter Pi = Three-phase power in kW Note the name plate rated kW and Efficiency The figures of kW mentioned in the name plate is for output conditions So corresponding input power at full-rated load

fl = Efficiency at full-rated load Pir = Input power at full-rated power in kW .The

percentage loading can now be calculated as follows

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Example
The nameplate details of a motor are given as Power = 15 kW, Efficiency 0.9 Using a power meter the actual three phase power drawn is found to be 8 kW. Find out the loading of the motor. Input power at full-rated power in kW, Pir Percentage loading = = = = 15 /0.9 16.7 kW 8/16.7 48 %

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Important characteristics of Motor

Voltage Power No. Phases Full Load Current Speed Type of starter Over Load Curves Type of Insulation
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Various Insulations -
Class A 105 deg. C Cotton,Paper,Enamel Cellulose Films Mica, Glass Fibre Asbestos

Class B

130 deg. C

Class F

155 deg. C

Mica, Glass Fibre Asbestos

Mica, Glass Fibre Asbestos, Silicone Elastomers
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Class H

180 deg. C

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Failure of motors : common reasons

Bad manufacturing quality
Continuous over loading Frequent starts in short duration

Incorrect setting / calibration of protection

Improper Maintenance failure of Interlocks

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Type of motor enclosures as per degree of protection

General suffix letter for protection IP x y X: 0 Non protected

1, 2, 3 Protected against solids > 50 mm, 12mm, 1mm

5 Protected against dust Y:

0 Non protected
1 against dripping water 2 against drops of water up to 15 deg from vertical 3 spray 5 water jet 7 Effects of Immersion
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4 splashing water 6 Ships deck 8 submersible

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Motors commonly used in power plants

BFP, ID fan, FD fan, PA fan, CT fans, Coal mills, CT pump, CW pump, Raw water/ clarified water pumps Electrically operated valves / dampers etc

Conclusion
For best results from any Electrical machine : keep it cool Keep it clean keep it dry keep it tight keep it safe

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THANK YOU

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