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Slide 7
Definition
Shallow foundations are structural members that convert the concentrated super-structural loads into pressures applied to the supporting soil. Square, circular, strip, and mat foundations are common shapes of shallow foundations. Each of these shapes is suitable for a specic type of structure: A square foundation is used under a column, a circular foundation is used for cylindrical structures such as water tanks, a strip foundation is used under retaining walls, and a mat (raft) foundation is used under an entire building.
Definition
A foundation is considered shallow if Df B as proposed by Terzaghi (1943), where B is the foundation width and Df is the foundation depth, as shown the Figure. Others proposed that foundations with greater depths (up to 4B) can be considered shallow foundations.
Design Requirements
When designing a shallow foundation, two aspects must be considered: (1) The applied foundation pressure should not exceed the bearing capacity of the supporting soil; and (2) The foundation settlement should not be excessive due to the applied foundation pressure
Modes of Failure
There are three possible modes of soil failure, depending on soil type and foundation size and depth. General shear failure, local shear failure, and punching shear failure .
Example
Tilt or distortion
Allowable Settlements
Depends on many factors, eg. types of buildings: - Masonry walled structures 25-50 mm - Framed structures 50-100 mm - Smokestacks, silos 80-300 mm
http://www.scribd.com/doc/29454865/20/All owable-Settlement
Evaluation of Settlement
The settlement of shallow foundations is divided into three segments immediate or elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement, and secondary consolidation settlement (creep). Primary consolidation and secondary compression settlements are usually small if the effective stress in the foundation soil applied by the structure is less than the maximum effective past pressure of the soil.
Immediate Settlement
We can use the theory of elasticity to determine the immediate or elastic settlement of shallow foundations. Gazetas et al. (1985) considered an arbitrarily shaped rigid footing embedded in a deep homogeneous soil.
However, these equations were obtained for one-dimensional consolidation where the lateral strain is zero.
Footing on Slopes
Scour Potential
Scour is a hydraulic erosion process that lowers the grade of a water channel or river bed. This erosion is caused by flowing water. Excessive removal of the material around a shallow foundation or undermining of a footing can cause excessive deformation or structure collapse. Foundations for bridges and structures located near rivers, channels and in floodplains should be located below the limits of scour. If the scour depth is too deep for a shallow foundation to be constructed using normal methods, consideration should be given to selection of a deep foundation system for support of the structure.
Scour Potential
Scour is a site-specific process that is a function of the flow velocity and duration, the geometry of the structural elements exposed to the flow of water, the geomorphology of the channel and the properties of the foundation and channel bed materials. The process of scour is complex. A multidisciplinary team of hydraulic, geotechnical and structural engineers should evaluate the risk of scour-induced failure at each structure site. A foundation located in a floodplain should be designed for the worst scour condition that can occur during its life. If lateral stream migration could expose a shallow foundation or abutment, it should be designed for the same scour condition as foundations in the main channel.
Scour Potential
Scour can undermine shallow foundations or remove sufficient overburden to redistribute foundation forces causing foundation displacement and detrimental stresses to structural elements. One of the hazards of placing a structure in a river or channel is the potential for scour around the foundations. For new structures the foundation should be designed deep enough such that scour protection is not required
Scour Design Considerations for Shallow Foundations Spread Footings on Rock Highly Resistant to Scour
Place the bottom of the footing directly on the cleaned rock surface for massive rock formations (such as granite) that are highly resistant to scour. If footings on massive hard rock surfaces require lateral constraint, steel dowels should be drilled and grouted into the rock below the footing level.
Scour Design Considerations for Shallow Foundations Spread Footings on Erodible Rock
Weathered or other potentially erodible rock formations need to be carefully assessed for scour. An engineering geologist familiar with the area geology should be consulted to determine if rock, soil or other criteria should be used to calculate the support for the spread footing foundation. For deep deposits of weathered rock, the potential scour depth should be estimated and the footing base placed below that depth. Loose rock pieces should be removed and the zone filled with clean concrete. In any event, the final footing should be poured in contact with the sides of the excavation for the full designed footing thickness to minimize water intrusion below footing level. Guidance on scourability of rock formations is given in FHWA memorandum Scourability of Rock Formations, dated July 19, 1991.
AASHTO specification
AASHTO specification requires footings for stream piers and each abutment to be founded at least 1.8 m (6 ft) below the streambed. For existing structures identified as scour susceptible, scour countermeasures are often required to protect foundations from scour conditions not identified at the time of design.
Scour Protection
There are four general types of scour protection: Localized armoring River training Modifications to the foundations Monitoring
Localized armoring techniques include the following: Rock riprap Gabions and slope mattress Pre-cast concrete blocks Grouted riprap
Precast concrete
Riprap