Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

Data Encoding
Analog to Digital Conversion : Why? 1. Digital Technology : a. VLSI, LSI b. lower cost

2. Data Integrity : Use repeaters instead of amplifiers => Noise not accumulated, i.e., transmit data for longer distance 3. Capacity utilization : More easily to multiplex digital data than analog

4. Security and privacy

5. Integration : integrate voice , data ( when digitize analog data) Slide No. 1

Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

Modulation : The process of encoding source data onto a carrier signal with frequency f.
-> Amplitude -> Frequency -> Phase Baseband signal : Input signal (digital or analog) to modulator.

Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Slide No. 2

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

Conversion: 1. Digital data to digital signal : Why? less complex and less expensive equipment than analog modulation equipment 2. Analog data to digital signal : Why? To use the modern digital transmission and switching equipment 3. Digital data to analog signal : Why? Some transmission media can propagate analog signals only Example: Fiber optics and softwire media 4. Analog data to analog signal : Why? 1. Transmit baseband signal over softwire transmission (Microwave) => Low frequency baseband means few kilometer antenna !!! 2. Use many voice conversation on the same line by shifting baseband signals
Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Slide No. 3

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

Digital data , Digital signals

Factors to improve receiving data: 1. Decrease data rate => decrease error rate 2. Increase S/N ratio => decrease bit error rate 3. Increase bandwidth => Increase data rate 4. Encoding scheme encoding: mapping from data bits to signal elements

Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Slide No. 4

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Slide No. 5

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

Digital data, Analog signals

=> Transmitting digital data through public telephone network (0.3 - 3.4 KHz) Example : Modem (modulator, demodulator) => Encoding techniques:
1. Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) -> susceptible to sudden gain changes and is rather inefficient technique -> up to 1200 bps on voice-grade lines

Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Slide No. 6

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

Frequency-Shift Key (FSK)

A cos(2 f1 t + Qc) s(t) = A cos(2 f2 t + qc) binary 1 binary 0

f1 and f2 are typically offset from the carrier frequency fc

Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Slide No. 7

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

FSK (cont)
=> less susceptible to error than ASK => Typically used up to 1200 bps on voice grade line => Commonly used for high frequency ( 3 to 30 MHz) radio transmission => Used for higher frequency on local networks that use Coax cable

Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Slide No. 8

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

Phase Shift Key (PSK)

The phase of the carrier signal is shifted to represent data

Zero : represented by a signal with the same phase of the preceding one One: represent by a signal of opposite phase to the preceding one ==> Differential PSK
Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Slide No. 9

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

A cos(2 fc t + ) binary 1

s(t) =

A cos (2 fc t)

binary 0

More efficient technique: Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) => Phase shifts of multiples of 90 degree => Signaling element represents more than one bit

A cos (2 fc t + 45) A cos(2 fc t +135)

s(t) = A cos (2 fc t + 225) A cos (2 fc t + 315)

11 10
00 01

Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Slide No. 10

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

Practical Example: 9600 bps modem : 12 phase angles, 4 phase have two amplitude values

Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Slide No. 11

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

Analog Data, Digital Signals

Digitizing : A process of converting analog data into digital Codec : Coder - decoder Device to convert analog to digital and convert digital to analog at receiving side

Sampling Theorem : If a signal f(t) is sampled at a regular intervals of time and at a rate higher than twice the highest significant signal frequency, then the samples contains all the information of the original signal. The function f(t) may be reconstructed from these samples by the use of low pass filter example: voice data < 4000Hz, then 8000 samples/sec (analog samples) Slide No. 12 Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

=> Quantizing PAM ( Pulse Amplitude Modulation) pulse will results of (Quatization error or quatization noise)

Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Slide No. 13

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Slide No. 14

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

delta Modulation
The analog input is approximated by a staircase function that moves up or down by one equalization level at each sampling interval.

Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Slide No. 15

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

With DM, each sample represented by a single bit DM implementation: easier than PCM PCM has a better S/N characteristics than DM at the same data rate PCM: An example:
What is the voice channel bit rate that is required to support digital voice transmission? PCM uses 128 quatization levels ( or 7 bit coding ) voice bandwidth = 4 KHz Base on sampling theorem: 8000 samples / sec are required to reconstruct the signal at the receiving end. Therefore: data rate = 8000 x 7 = 56 Kbps ==> digital voice channel use 64 Kbps! Slide No. 16

Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

Analog Data, Analog Signals

Modulation: Required to convert digital data to analog form ==> Modulation permits frequency-division multiplexing techniques => Techniques: AM, FM, and PM Amplitude Modulation

Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Slide No. 17

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Slide No. 18

Course: Data Communications

Topic: Data Encoding

Dr. Ali Elkateeb

Slide No. 19