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MADESH GURIKAR U
Contents
Introduction & History. Spintronics. GMR. TMR. MRAM. Other applications. Future of spintronics.
storage and transfer of information by means of electron spin along with the electron charge. History Introduced in 1996 Coined by Dr S.Wolf. Originally was Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) program.
Spintronics
A multidisciplinary field
Defination:
Spintronics also known as magnetoelectroni-
cs, is an emerging technology that exploits the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solidstate devices.
Concept:
Electrons are spin-1/2 fermions and therefore
negative charge to manipulate electron motion or to store information, spintronic devices would further rely on the electrons spin degree of freedom
Theory:
Spin angular momentum, or simply spin, is
one of the Fundamental properties of electrons. Electrons with different spins experience different resistance in a magnetized conductor. This phenomenon causes giant magnetoresistance effect in ferromagnetic metal layers.
The binary directional state of spin seems to make electron spin a perfect quantity for computer information storage and
processing.
One bit of information is a binary state,
zero (or the other way around), then one electron can carry one bit of information.
Spin Measurement:
The magnetic moment associated with spin
The interaction between spin magnetic moment and an external magnetic field provides a way to measure S
S of that atoms valence electron, and is given by F = s. = a is a constant whose value depends on how inhomogeneous the magnetic field is. The entire set up --Stern-Gerlach apparatus
Primary requirments:
SPIN INJECTOR -Generate a current of spin-
GMR:
Gaint Magnetoresistance.
It is a quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect observed in thin film structures composed of alternating
Types of GMR:
Multilayer GMR: Two or more ferromagnetic layers are separated
Granular GMR:
TMR:
Tunnel Magnetoresistance - occurs in
a few nanometers), electrons can tunnel from one ferromagnet into the other.
Phenomenological Description
The direction of the two magnetizations of
orientation it is more likely that electrons will tunnel through the insulating film than if they are in the oppositional (antiparallel) orientation.
Physical Explanation
The relative resistance changeor effect
amplitudeis defined as
Rap - electrical resistance in the anti-parallel state. Rp - resistance in the parallel state.
ferromagnetic plates, each of which can hold a magnetic field, separated by a thin insulating layer.
set to a particular polarity, the other's field will change to match that of an external field.
powering an associated transistor which switches current from a supply line through the cell to ground.
lines arranged at right angles to each other, above and below the cell.
When current is passed through them, an
induced magnetic field is created at the junction, which the writable plate picks up.
ADVANTAGES:
Non volatile. High speed. Low voltage operation. Unlimited Endurance. Reliable.
DISADVANTAGE:
As the device is scaled down in size, there comes a time when the induced field overlaps adjacent cells over a small area, leading to potential false writes HALF SELECT.
Complication:
Tunnel Barrier:
Is very thin(<2nm):Resistance and the change in
MicroMagnetic Effects.
thermal activation.
1D Magnetic Selection
A high current of either polarity (plus current
for a "1" and negative current for a "0" is passed through a select transistor and through the memory cell to write.
Only a small current can be used to read the cell.
FUTURE:
In the future we will have devices that are
much longer, recharge times will be reduced drastically, and devices like laptops will have instant ON.
References:
S A Wolf, D D Awschalom, P A Buhrman, J M Daughton, M L von Molna Roukes, A Y Chtchelnakova and D M Treger, Spintronics : a spin-based electronics vision for the future, Science , Vol.294, p.1488,2001. S. Das Sarma. Spintronics, American Scientist, Vol. 89, pp518, Nov.Dec. 2001. http://physik.kfunigraz.ac.at/~jaf/research/spintronics/spintronics.html http://www.physics.umd.edu/rgroups/spin/intro.html http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci1131718,00.html http://www.wun.ac.uk/spintronics/ http://www.worldscibooks.com/nanosci/7281.html http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-spintronics.htm http://news.stanford.edu/pr/03/zhang820.html http://newton.ex.ac.uk/research/emag/spintronics/