CONTENTS

MULTIPLE ACCESS CDMA SPECTRUM CDMA CODES CDMA CHANNELS CDMA CALL PROCESSING CDMA PERFOMANCE INDICATORS HARD HANDOFF

MULTIPLE ACCESS

PROCESSING GAIN Processing Gain is a term common to all direct sequence spread spectrum systems. Process gain is defined as the ratio of the Chip Rate (Rc) to the information bit rate (Rb). This provides a measure of ``spreading'' in the system.

Processing Gain = Rc / Rb
Chip Rate (Rc): The Chip Rate is the rate at which the PN sequence is generated. For CDMA, IS95, the chip rate is 1.2288 * 10 ^ 6 cps (chips per second).
Bit Rate (Rb): The bit rate is base band user information (i.e. user voice/data) rate. In CDMA, voice is digitized at different rates depending on the speech activity level. The system parameters presented in this discussion are based on a maximum bite rate of 9.6 kbps and 14.4 kbps per IS95 For CDMA (IS95A/B): Ex.Rc = 1.2288 Mcps, Rb = 14.4 kbps (max), resulting in a Processing Gain of 85.33 (19.3 dB).

SOFT CAPACITY IN CDMA

YOU CAN ALWAYS ADD JUST ONE MORE CALLER TO A CDMA CHANNEL AT THE COST OF QUALITY. CDMA SYSTEM CAPACITY IS A COMPROMISE BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF USERS AND QUALITY OF SERVICE.

QUALITY TOTAL BANDWIDTH

CDMA USERS

USER TRAFFIC

QUALITY IS ANALOGOUS TO PROCESSING GAIN

CDMA SPECTRUM

CDMA Cellular Spectrum

824 MHz A A 835 MHz B 845 MHz A 849 MHz B

Reverse link

825 MHz

846.5 MHz

869 MHz A A

880 MHz B

890 MHz A

894 MHz B

Forward link

870 MHz

891.5 MHz

CDMA UP LINK DOWN LINK BAND SEPERATION

Reverse CDMA Channel

Forward CDMA Channel

1.23MHz CDMA Channel Frequency

836.68 MHz

1.23MHz

45 MHz

Frequency
881.68 MHz

CDMA ADJACENT CHANNELS

Spreading : What We Do, We Can Undo

DSSS Spreading/ Despreading

C1*C1 = 1, C2*C2 = 1. Cn*Cn = 1 BUT C1*C2 = 0C1*Cn = 0
U1C1 ( 10011000000) C1 ( 100110.10110010)

=
U1 = 0110010101001000 C1 ( 100110.10110010) U1 = 0110010101001000

=
U1C1 ( 1001100000) U2C2*C1 = 0, U2*C2*C2 = U2

U2C2
U3C3 U4C4 UnCn

U3C3*C1 = 0, U3C3*C3 = U3 U4C4*C1 = 0, U4C4*C4 = U4 UnCn*C1 = 0, UnCn*Cn = Un

CDMA CODES

CODES IN CDMA

WALSH CODES-Orthogonal Sequences

Definition:
Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary sequences are orthogonal if the process of XORing them results in an equal number of 1s and 0s. Example: 0000 (XOR) 0101 -----0101

Generation Sequence:
- Seed - Repeat: right & below - Invert: diagonally

0 0 0 1

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0

Walsh Codes
0000000000011111111122222222223333333333444444444455555555556666 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 6 6 6 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 ... 0 1 2 3

0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110 0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

0000 0101 0011 0110

ORTHOGONALITY OF WALSH CODES

Orthogonal Spreading
1

0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001

Walsh Function #59

1001100101100110011001101001100101100110100110011001100101100110

Pattern to be Transmitted

Orthogonal Spreading
+1

-1 User Data

Orthogonal Sequence

0110

0110
0110

0110
0110

0110
1001

0110
1001

Tx Data 1 0 0 1 +1

-1

Decoding Using a Correct Code

Rx Data Correct Function 1001
0110 1111 1 +1

0110
0110 0000 0

0110
0110 0000 0

1001
0110 1111 1

1001
0110 1111 1

-1

Decoding Using a Incorrect Code

Rx Data Incorrect Function 1001
0101 1100 ?

0110
0101 0011 ?

0110
0101 0011 ?

1001
0101 1100 ?

1001
0101 1100 ?

Example: Spreading
+1 -1 Spread Waveform Representation of User Bs signal +1 -1 +1 -1 Analog Signal Formed by the Summation of the Three Spread Signals +1 Spread Waveform Representation of User Cs signal C=11 Walsh Code for C = 0000 B=10 Walsh Code for B = 0011 Spread Waveform Representation of User As signal A=00 Walsh Code for A = 0101

-3

Despreading
+1
Received Composite Signal

-3 +1 -1 +3 Product Walsh Code for User A = 0101

-1 Average=(5-1)/4=1 0 Average=(5-1)/4=1 0

PN Code Generation

PN Code Generation

Masking

Lookup Table for PN Offsets

Mask

Offset (in chips)

Transmitted Sequence

001
010 011

7
6 4

1001011
0010111 1011100

100
101 110 111

5
1 3 2

0101110
1100101 0111001 1110010

Quadrature Spreading

Offset I PN Code
1011000010110

Symbols Spread by Walsh Chips

0110111001011

0110111001011 I

1101111011101

To Baseband Filter
Q 0110111001011 0010100100000

0100011101011

Offset Q PN Code

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Bipolar PSK
1 Digital Signal 0 1

Quadrature PSK

10

00

11
-sinwct (logic 0) sinwct (logic 1)

01

Orthogonal QPSK

tb
I-Channel Input Data

b0

b1

b2

b3

b4

tb
Q-Channel Input Data

a0

a1

a2

a3

QPSK MODULATION USING PN-SHORT CODE

PN Offset - Cell Identification

#1 #2 #3
Offset in increments of 64 chips

100101001100111010111001010100 100101001100111010111001010100 1001010011001110101110010

Quick and Easy Cell Acquisition Reuse Walsh Codes

FORWARD & REVERSE LINK CODES

Coherent / Non-Coherent Detection

CDMA CHANNELS

The CDMA Physical Layer

Physical Channel

Physical channels are described in terms of a wideband RF channel and code sequence. As defined in IS95, each RF channel is 1.2288 MHz wide. For each RF channel, there are 64 Walsh sequences (W0 through W63) available for use on the forward link. These Walsh sequences are commonly referred to as CDMA code channels.

Logical Channel

The physical channel that carry specific types of information are known as logical channels. Logical channels in CDMA are divided into two categories: Traffic Channels and Control Channels. For the forward link there are three types of Control/Signaling channels and one Traffic Channel (per user). For the Reverse Link there is one type Signaling Channel and one Traffic Channel per user. It is important to note that signals on the forward link are identified by Walsh codes, however, signals on the reverse link are identified by Long Codes.

Transmit and Receive Processes of Spread Spectrum

Transmitting a spread spectrum signal involves:

1. Modulating the information signal with the spreading PN sequence 2. Modulating the resulting signal with the desired carrier wave 3. Band Pass Filtering the output 4. Transmitting the resulting RF signal.

Receiving a spread spectrum signal involves:

1. Demodulating

the signal with the RF carrier, 2. Low Pass Filtering the resulting wide band signal, 3. Demodulating with the signal with the known spreading sequence, and 4. Integrating the despread signal over a bit time to recover the information signal

CDMA IS-95 CHANNELS

Four RF

AIR INTERFACE

Control Channels

Downlink

Uplink

Pilot

Sync

Paging

Access

AIR INTERFACE

TRAFFIC CHANNELS

SPEECH or DATA

ASSOCIATED SIGNALLING

1/2

1/4

1/8

Blank & Burst

Dim & Burst

Power Control

Forward Link (Downlink)

The logical channels for the Forward Link must provide identification of the Base station, timing and synchronization of the transmissions between the base station and mobile station, paging of mobile units in the area, and the voice/data transmission from the base station to the mobile unit. The forward link is comprised of: The Pilot Channel, Up to one Sync Channel, Up to seven Paging Channels, and Up to 55 Traffic Channels

Power Control SubChannel

A Power Control SubChannel is continuously transmitted on the forward traffic channel as part of the traffic frame. Information on this channel commands the mobile unit to adjust its transmitted power + 1 dB every 1/16 of a speech frame (800 times per second).

Reverse Link (Uplink)

The logical channel requirements of the reverse link must provide for the identification and access request by the mobile unit to the base stations in the area and the voice/data transmission from the mobile unit to the base station. The reverse link is composed of: Access Channels and Traffic Channels. These channels share the same CDMA center frequency on the reverse link (a different frequency is used for forward link transmissions). The total number of channels( max 55) is determined by base station activity. .. The reverse link capability of a given base station is limited by the number of traffic channels assigned (up to 55) and up to seven (7) access channels (correlating to a maximum of 7 paging channels). Note that a mobile does not ``tie up'' an access channel, it only borrows it for a short amount of time.

Pilot and Sync and Paging Channels

Pilot Channel
The Pilot Channel allows a mobile station to acquire the timing of the Forward Traffic Channel user information. It provides a phase reference for coherent demodulation and provides a means for signal strength comparisons between base stations, which is used to determine when to handoff. It consists of the un-modulated spreading sequences (PN short codes). The Pilot signal is transmitted continuously on Walsh 0 by each CDMA base station at the transmitter (cell/sector) level.

Sync Channel
The Synchronization Channel is an encoded, interleaved and modulated spread spectrum signal that is used with the Pilot Channel to acquire initial system time and synchronization. The sync channel is always transmitted on Walsh 32.

Paging Channel
The Paging Channel is used for transmission of control information to the mobile. When a mobile is to receive a call it will receive a ``page'' from the base station. Up to seven (7) channels may be configured for paging depending on the expected demand. Page channel messaging to each user takes place in an 80 ms ``slot''. The 80 ms slots are grouped into cycles of 2048 slots (cycle duration 163.84 s) referred to as maximum slot cycles. The base station can limit the maximum slot cycle used by the mobile.

Access and Traffic Channels

Access Channel
The Access Channel is used for the transmission of control information to the base station. When a mobile is to place a call it uses the ``access'' channel to inform the base station. This channel is also used when responding to a ``page''. Each Access Channel is identified by a distinct ``Access Channel Long PN Code ''. An Access Channel is selected randomly by the mobile unit from the total number of access channels available from the serving cell/sector.

Traffic Channel
The Traffic Channel carries all the calls (voice or data signal) from a given base station to all the mobile units active in the coverage area or vice versa. Each user has a dedicated TCH, and corresponding Walsh code, on the down link. The forward traffic channel message consists of user voice (or data), power control data, and error correction bits. The message is transmitted as a series of traffic frames. The traffic channel may also carry signaling information with or in place of user voice (or data). A Walsh code is assigned by the base station for each Traffic Channel in use. The Traffic Channel for the reverse link is identical to the forward link Traffic Channel in function and structure. Each traffic channel is identified by a ``User Long PN Code'' which is unique to each CDMA user.

CDMA Forward Link

Variable Low Bit Rate Speech Coding Transmit Path in Base Station
Variable Low Bit Rate Speech Decoding

Convolution encoding Bit Interleaving

Channel Decoding

Receive path in Mobile

Bit Deinterleaving

Encryption: Long Code Scrambling

Walsh Function Modulation

Decryption: Long Code Descrambling

Walsh Function Demodulation

Quadrature Spreading and Multiplexing

Quadrature Despreading

Quadrature Carrier Modulation RF Channel

Quadrature Carrier Demodulation

INTERLEAVING IN FEC

CDMA Reverse Link

Variable Low Bit Rate Speech Coding Variable Low Bit Rate Speech Decoding

Concolution Encoding

Channel Decoding

Transmit Path in Mobile

Bit Interleaving Bit Deinterleaving

Receive path in Base Station

64ary Orthogonal Walsh Symbol Modulation

64ary Orthogonal Walsh Symbol Demodulation

Encryption: Long Code Spreading

Decryption: Long Code Despreading

Quadrature Spreading

Demultiplexing and Quadrature Despreading

Quadrature Carrier Modulation RF Channel

Quadrature Carrier Demodulation

Forward Link Code Channels

Pilot Channel
I Pilot PN sequence 1.2288 Mcps Walsh W0

BB
To QPSK Modulator

All 0s

1.2288 Mcps

BB
Q Pilot PN sequence 1.2288 Mcps

26.67 ms frame period, repeated 75 times a second. Pilot channels are kept at 4-6 dB higher then rest of the channels

Sync Channel Frames

I Pilot PN sequence 1.2288 Mcps Sync Channel Message Convolutional Encoder
1.2 Kbps
Rate=1/2,

Walsh W32 Symbol Repetition Block Interleaver

1.2288 Mcps 19.2 Ksps

BB
To QPSK Modulator

2.4 Ksps

19.2 Ksps

BB

Q Pilot PN sequence 1.2288 Mcps

S O M

31 Information Bits
32 bits / 26.67 ms

Convolutional encoder not zeroed out after each frame No CRC bits at frame level, SOM (Start Of Message)

Paging Channel
Paging Channel Message Convolutional Encoder
4.8/ 9.6 Kbps
Rate=1/2,

I Pilot PN 1.2288 Mcps Symbol Repetition

9.6/ 19.2 Ksps

19.2 Ksps

Block Interleaver
19.2 Ksps

Walsh W1-7

BB
1.2288 Mcps

To QPSK Modulator

Long-code Mask for Paging Channel

64:1

BB

Long Code Generator

1.2288 Mcps

Long Code Decimator

Q Pilot PN 1.2288 Mcps

Forward Traffic Channel

Convolutional Encoder
Rate=1/2,

Power Control Bits (800bps) Symbol Repetition Walsh Wn

I Pilot PN 1.2288 Mcps

BB
Block Interleaver Mux
19.2 Ksps 24:1 1.2288 Mcps

To QPSK Modulator

BB

Long-code Mask Long Code Generator

1.2288 Mcps

64:1

Decimator

Decimator

Q Pilot PN 1.2288 Mcps

Reverse Link Code Channels

Access Channel Frames

Access Channel Message Convolutional Encoder
4.8/ 9.6 Kbps
Rate=1/3, K=9

14.4 Ksps

Symbol Repetition

28.8 Ksps

Block Interleaver

64-ary Orthogonal Modulator

1.2288 Mcps

I Pilot PN 1.2288 Mcps

BB
To QPSK Modulator

Long-code Mask

Long Code Generator

1.2288 Mcps

BB
Q Pilot PN 1.2288 Mcps

20 ms

88

Information Bits

8 Tail Bits

Tail Bits Zero Convolutional Encoder, No CRC Bits At Frame Level Preamble Comprised of Zero Filled Frames

Reverse Traffic Channel

Convolutional Encoder
RS1/ RS2
Rate=1/3, K=9

Symbol Repetition 28.8

Ksps

Block Interleaver

28.8 Ksps

I Pilot PN 1.2288 Mcps

BB
64-ary Orthogonal Modulator 4.8
Ksps

Data Burst Randomizer

1.2288 Mcps

To QPSK Modulator

BB
1.2288 Mcps

Long-code Mask

Long Code Generator

Q Pilot PN 1.2288 Mcps

Summary of Codes PN Long Code The Long Code is a PN sequence that is 2^42 1 bits (chips) long. It is generated at a rate of 1.2288 Mbps (or Mcps) giving it a period (time before the sequence repeats) of approximately 41.4 days. The long code is used to encrypt user information. Both the base station and the mobile unit have knowledge of this sequence at any given instant in time based on a specified private ``long code mask'' that is exchanged. PN Short Code The Short Code is a PN sequence that is 2 ^ 15 bits (chips) in length. This code is generated at 1.2288 Mbps (or Mcps) giving a period of 26.67 ms. This code is used for final spreading of the signal and is transmitted as a reference known as the ``Pilot Sequence'' by the base station. All base stations use the same short code. Base stations are differentiated from one another by transmitting the PN short code at different ``offsets'' in absolute. Walsh Codes CDMA defines a group of 64 orthogonal sequences, each 64 bits long, known as Walsh Codes. These sequences are also referred to as Wash Functions. These codes are generated at 1.2288 Mbps (Mcps) with a period of approximately 52 s. These are used to identify users on the forward link. For this reason they are also referred to as either Walsh Channels or TCH. All base stations and mobile users have knowledge of all Walsh codes.