Submitted by :

Submitted to : Mrs. Vandana mittal

Bhawana Sharma Drishti Bharadwaj

Pollution - Environmental pollution is any discharge of material or energy into water, land, or air that causes or may cause acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) detriment to the Earth's ecological balance or that lowers the quality of life. Pollutants may cause primary damage, with direct identifiable impact on the environment, or secondary damage in the form of minor perturbations in the delicate balance of the biological food web that are detectable only over long time periods.

Types of environment pollution:- there are mainly five types of environment pollution

1. Air pollution 2. Water pollution 3. Soil pollution 4. Noise pollution 5. Global warming

Air

Pollution

Air-mixture of gases in atmosphere

Air pollution signifies the presence of substances in the atmosphere that generated by the man and his activities, which has hazardous effect on the health of man, animals

The main substance of atmosphere are oxygen to breath,co2 for photosynthesis, N2 for development for plants o3(ozone) layer against ultra violet rays the natural air contain trace amount of gases like methane,ammonia,so2,hydrogen sulphide , carbon monoxide , hydrogen , argon and variable amounts of dust particle.

Fertilizer complex-oxide of nitrogen,dust particle during process of drying,burning,grinding,screening.mixing,conveying and packaing. Automobiles [emit hydrocarbons, CO, Pb, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matters (PM)] Cement factories-chemically in such air pollution there is mixture of oxide of alluminium potassium,silica,calcium and sodium.

Industries emit large amounts of pollutants into the environment and includes smoke, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and fly ash.

Effects of air pollution

1.Effects of air pollution on human health:-The air we breathe has not only life sustaining properties,but also life damaging properties. An average man breathes 22000 times a day and takes 16kg of air each day. The impurities in the air can affect human health in a number of ways, depending upon the nature and concentration of the pollutants. Eye irritation can be caused by many air pollutants such as so2, no2. Carbonmono oxide , which is 200 times more reactive than oxygen, combines with haemoglobin in the blood and consequently increases stress

Similarly , nitric oxide(NO) can react with hemoglobin and reduce the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Heavy metals , like lead may enter the body through the lungs and can cause poisoning. Its high concentration can damage liver and kidney.

Air pollution control

1.Particulate control in chimnies:- plants used in cement industry , construction industry, thermal power plants etc emits particulates through chimnies. These emit dust of coal , stone ,cement , lime sand and combustion gases. The person engaged on these plants and in nearby areas are badly affected by this type of pollution 2.Particulate control in atmosphere:- in construction projects , cement, and mining industries thermal plant areas, coal ,stone , ore and sand etc are stored at site. These should be maintained in such a condition so as to prevent dust from becoming wind borne.

Water

pollution

Water pollution:- Any physical or chemical

changes in surface water or underground water that can adversely affect living organisms is called water pollution. The term water pollution is also derived from latin word pollus which means before wash. Types of water pollution:- water pollution can be classified into four categories 1. Physical pollution:- this type of water pollution is due to the change in physical properties of water such ascolour, turbidity, taste, odour etc.
2.

Chemical pollution:- this type of water pollution is due to the change in acidity, alkalinity or ph value of water

3. Biological pollution:- biological pollution of water is due

to the presence of pathogenic bacteria, certain fungi, pathogenic protozoa viruses etc. the important sources of biological pollution are domestic sewage and industrial wastes.

4.Physiological pollution:- physiological pollution of water is caused by several chemical agents such as chlorine, sulphur dioxide phenols, hydroxy benzene etc.

Effects of water pollution 1. Physical effects:- presence of suspended or colloidal substances makes water turbid, which is unacceptable even if it is free from pathogens. Presence of subtances , like free chlorine , phenol, hydrogen sulphide, and micro organisms imparts unpleasant odour to water 2. Waterborne diseases:-wastes that are discharged into water contain pathogenic micro-organisms that are capable of transmitting human diseases. 3. Toxic health effects:- some organic and inorganic chemical subtances are toxic to plants, animals and humans.

Control of water pollution:-the following

measures can control or at least help in minimizing the water pollution. Developing of proper sewage system for the industrial effluent can reduce incoming point source of pollution. Non point source of pollution can be minimized by extensive afforestation in open areas. A required level of treatment of domestic and industrial waste should be carried out before disposing of them in to water. Excessive use of agro-chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides in agriculture field should be discouraged

Soil

Pollution

Soil pollution:- land or soil pollution may be defined as

the contamination of the soil system by considerable quantities of chemical or other subtance Soil pollutants:- natural and synthetic materials that can adversely affect the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and seriously affect its productivity are called soil pollutants 1.Chemical and metallic pollutants:- a number of industries including textiles,dyes,soap and synthetic detergents, cement etc. and metal industries discharge their effluents on ground and reduce the productivity of soil

2. Agro chemicals:-agro chemicals such as fertilizers,

pesticides, insecticides, soil conditioners are major soil pollutants. Most of these agro-chemicals contain toxic chemicals like lead, mercury, arsenic, cobalt etc.

3. Radioactive materials:-radioactive substances

resulting from explosion of nuclear devices also penetrate the soil and enter into food chain

Effects of soil pollution:1.Desertification :- loss of soil productivity results in the

formation of deserts. Desert are spreading in all the continents, destroying the fertile land.

2.salination:- reduction in the productivity of soil due to

the increase in the concentration of soluble salts in the soil is called salination.

Control of soil pollution:1.Control of solid waste:-soil pollution can be controlled

by using proper disposal methods for solid wastes, such as composting of biodegradable solid waste. Manufacturers can reduce solid waste by using improved materials and redesigning manufacturing process. Control of liquid waste:-to control soil pollution from these sources , municipal and industrial waste water have to be properly collected, treated and disposed. Control of soil erosion:-soil erosion can be controlled by the following way

*by restoring forest and vegetation covers

*by keeping grazing animals in enclosures By growing fodder trees in over-grazed land.

Noise pollution:-noise is generally defined as unwanted

sound. It is known that noise of sufficient intensity and duration can induce temporary or permanent hearing loss

Classification of noise:1.Transport noise a. Road traffic noise b. Aircraft noise c.Rail traffic noise

2. Occupational noise 3.Neighbourhood noise Harmful effect of noise:-noise is generally harmful and
has direct physical or psysiological effects upon the human beings. Harmful effect of noise pollution may be classified into two ways 1.Auditory effect 2.Non auditory effect The most acute effect of noise pollution is impairing of hearing that can produce auditory fatigue or deafness and non auditory effects may also cause interference with speech communication.

Global Warming

Global warming is the warming of the earth through carbon dioxide (CO2) being pumped into the atmosphere from tailpipes and smokestacks. Then the gases trap heat like the glass in a greenhouse. This is where the term the greenhouse effect came from.

Scientists say that the barrier insulating the continental ice caps is melting. The impacts of warming temperatures in Antarctica are likely to occur first in the northern sections of the continent, where summer temperatures approach the melting point of water, 32 degrees F (0 degrees C).

Rising global temperatures

are expected to raise sea level, and change precipitation and other local climate conditions. Changing regional climate could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies. It could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. Deserts may expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our national parks may be permanently altered.

The reason the temperature has risen so much in the past 150 years is because of how much more we have used fossil fuels, which gives off carbon dioxide. According to NOAA, the global warming rate in the last 25 years has risen to 3.6 degrees F per century, which tends to confirm the predictions of temperature increases made by international panels of climate scientists (IPCC).

1. limiting use of fossil fuels 2. using alternate sources of energy such as wind, hydroelectric , geothermal solar etc 3. replacing the use of chloro flurocarbon (CFCs) 4. Increasing the use of bio-fertilizers 5. minimizing the use of nitrogen fertilizers

The TAJ MAHAL has withstood the onslaught of natural element for centuries, but now it is in the increasing danger of being destroyed by the constituents of a pollution atmosphere

1. especially due to pollutant released from the near Mathura refinery. The refinery in spite of using low sulphur fuels , emits about 25-30 tonnes of sulphur dioxide daily. The emitted SO2 result in acidic precipitation , under condition of low wind speed combined with humidity, in the surrounding areas .

2.The other sources of pollutant , which also contribute to acidic precipitation, is the heavy traffic in Agra . Some of the visible signs of deterioration of the TAJ MAHAL include discolouration of the white marble surface , i.e., appearance of yellowish or yellow-grey or brown rust like stains.

To save this gov. has taken many steps 1. Development of green belt of 1 to 5 km around the TAJ. 2. Closing down of 2 thermal plant of Agra 3. Cleaning of emissions from stacks of Mathura Oil Refinery . 4. providing an outer road to restrict traffic. 5.Establishment of pollution monitoring stations inside the Taj complex between Agra and Mathura