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Artificial Intelligence
The term AI was coined by John McCarthy, a mathematician in 1956. AI is a rapidly evolving field of engineering whose objective is to build machines capable of acting and thinking like machines. It is the most challenging job taken up by human beings as theyre trying to create the prototype of human mind.
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For all this , we need to study the complexity of human mind as it is our mind which governs our body and whatever intelligence we have is because of our mind which enables us to function intelligently. Intelligence -like beauty, love and hatred- is also a parameter possessed by living beings in general and human beings in particular.
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Human beings acquire intelligence by studying, learning, understanding, reasoning and learning from mistakes over the years. So , intelligence is the capability of learning, understanding , reasoning and learning from mistakes. Intelligence is divided in to two categories: 1) Natural intelligence 2) Artificial intelligence
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1) Natural intelligence is the capacity of mind to understand principles, truths, facts or meanings, acquire knowledge and apply it to practice. Natural intelligence is further divided into 2 categories: A) Domain-specific intelligence B) Common sense.
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2) Artificial intelligence is the intelligence created by human beings by applying various scientific and engineering techniques. The concept of AI came into human beings mind because in order to make his tasks simpler, reduce labor and time, man always wanted to develop techniques which can replace him from performing his duties and thus developed many machines like airplane and computers etc.
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Man developed aeroplanes as man cant fly like birds but seeing the birds fly, made man to think to develop some means to help him to fly and led to invention of aeroplanes. Same way , when computers were developed, man thought that: A) Can computers think like man? B) Can computers be intelligent like man?
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When above question came to his mind, he started making computers intelligent , so that it can think and act intelligently the same way as by himself by imparting intelligence to it. Thus in simple words , developing a machine which can think intelligently is the scope of AI. AI can be defined as AI is the branch of engineering employed for creation of computers which possess some form of intelligence and can be used to solve real world problems and function within a limited domain.
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Intelligence
Intelligence:
The capability of learning, understanding, reasoning and learning from mistakes.
Intelligence is the ability to learn or understand from experience, ability to acquire and retain knowledge to respond quickly and successfully to a new situation Intelligent: having or showing intelligence
Examples: speech recognition, face detection, smell identification, decision making, learning new things.
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Characteristics of Intelligence
Learning Understanding ambiguity Handling the complexity Response quickly Reasoning Inferencing Having vision Retain knowledge Drawing conclusions form knowledge
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BEHAVIOR
HUMAN
RATIONAL
(able to think and make decisions based on reasons)
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Intelligent Systems
System: a group of things or parts working together as a whole in an environment.
An Intelligent System is a system which learns how to act so it reaches its goals/objectives. which learns from experience and makes decisions about appropriateness of actions. which continually acts, mentally and physically, and by acting reaches its objectives.
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credit card fraud detection information retrieval, Google aircraft, pipeline inspection speech understanding, generation, translation pattern recognition Knowledge representation Many more
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Objectives of AI & IS
To understand and model the workings of natural intelligence and human beings Implement them to create intelligent systems with machine intelligence Examples:
Robots completely artificial Cyborgs organisms that combine natural and artificial intelligence as well as physical components, e.g. a cyborg may have half a human brain combined with an artificial brain
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History of Systems
Artificial
Intelligent
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1 4 7 1 2
2 5 8 3
3 6 9 4 5 6 7 8 9
Board
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 19683
Movetable
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Data structures:
Board : A 9-element vector Each element can contain the value 2 if corresponding square is blank (B) 3 if filled with a X 5 if filled with a O Turn : Integer indicating next move
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square Posswin(p)
which slide)
blank non-corner (2,4,6,8) : Possibility of player p winning if player p can not win on his next move returns 0 else returns the number of the square will be the winning move (How is the move found?->next
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then O can
Go(n) = 3 (X)
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Program 2 Toe:Algorithm
Initially, all the values on Board are 2 (blank) Turn=1(X) Go(1) (upper left corner). Turn=2(O) If Board[5] is blank, Go(5), else Go(1). Turn=3(X) If Board[9] is blank, Go(9), else Go(3).
for
Tic-Tac-
X O
1
X X
5
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X O X
1
then then
O
6
O X X
5
28
X O X
1
X O O
9
2
O X X
6 5
GAME OVER
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