FRANCO L.

RAZON, RN, MAN DIVINE WORD COLLEGE OF LEGAZPI

General Function of the Respiratory System

supply oxygen to tissues remove carbon dioxide

Upper Respiratory Tract

Lower Respiratory Tract

Upper Respiratory Tract Functions

Lower Respiratory Tract Function: facilitates gas exchange

1. Filtering
2. Warming and moistening 3. Humidification

Functions: provides airway humidifies and warms incoming air filters resonating chamber for speech houses olfactory receptors

Nasal cavity

A nostril (or naris, pl. nares) is one of the two channels of the nose, from the point where they separate to the external opening.

nostril

Located in the mucosa in the slitlike superior part of the nasal cavity, just beneath the ethmoid bone sensory receptors for smell

Located on the rest of the nasal cavity. Rests on a rich network of thin walled veins Moistens the air and traps incoming bacteria and other foreign debris

olfactory mucosa

respiratory mucosa

olfactory mucosa

respiratory mucosa

 The

human pharynx (plural: phar ynges) is the part of the throat situated immediately posterior to (behind) the mouth and nasal cavity, and superior to the esophagus and larynx.

it is a muscular passageway about 13 cm (5 inches) long that vaguely resembles a short garden hose. Commonly known as throat Serves as a common passageway for food and air.

The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections: the nasopharynx (epipharynx) oropharynx (mesopharynx) laryngopharynx (hypopharynx).

Adenoids (or pharyngeal tonsil, or nasopharyngeal tonsil) are a mass of lymphoid tissue situated posterior to the nasal cavity, in the roof of the nasopharynx, where the nose blends into the throat.

Adenoids (or pharyngeal tonsil) the job of these tonsils is to trap or remove any bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat. When it become congested with bacteria and become red, swollen, and sore, it is called tonsilitis.

 The

larynx (plural laryn ges), commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the neck involved in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.

It manipulate pitch and volume. The larynx houses the vocal folds (commonly but improperly termed the "vocal cords"), which are essential for phonation. The vocal folds are situated just below where the tract of the pharynx splits into the trachea and the esophagus.

 the

trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that connects the pharynx or larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air.

 Air

entering the trachea from the larynx travels down its length (10-12 cm or 4 inches) to the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra or approximately midchest.

 It

is lined with ciliated mucosa that propel mucus, loaded with dust particles and other debris, away from the lungs to the throat, where it can be swallowed or spat out.

bronchus (plural bronchi, adjective bronchial) is a passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. The bronchus branches into smaller tubes, which in turn become bronchioles. No gas exchange takes place in this part of the lungs.

the right and left primary bronchi are formed by the division of the trachea. Each primary bronchus runs obliquely before it plunges into the medial depression (hilus) of the lungs on its own side.

 The

human lungs are the organs of respiration in humans. Humans have two lungs, with the left being divided into two lobes and the right into three lobes.

 The

lungs are located in the chest cavity inside the rib cage. They are made of elastic, spongy tissue as they stretch out and constricts while you breathe.

The lungs are a pair of organs located in the chest that performs respiration. Humans have two lungs; the left lung is divided into two lobes and the right lung is divided into three. The lungs are located in the chest cavity inside the rib cage. They are made of elastic, spongy tissue as they stretch out and constricts while you breathe.

a small airway of the respiratory system extending from the bronchi into the lobes of the lung. There are two divisions of bronchioles: The terminal bronchioles and the respiratory bronchiole

the final branches of the bronchioles, communicating directly with the alveolar ducts; they are subdivisions of terminal bronchioles, have alveolar outcroppings, and themselves divide into several alveolar ducts.
Terminal bronchioles

the last portion of a bronchiole that does not contain alveoli, i.e., one whose sole function is gas conduction; it subdivides into respiratory bronchioles.

Respiratory bronchioles

Small air sacs or cavities in the lung that give the tissue a honeycomb appearance and expand its surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The membrane separating air within the alveoli from the blood within pulmonary capillaries. It consists of the alveolar wall, the capillary wall, and their basement membranes. The respiratory membrane is very thin (less than 0.5 mm).

The major function of the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen and to dispose of carbon dioxide. To do this , at least four (4) distinct events, collectively called RESPIRATION, must occur.

1.
2. 3. 4.

PULMONARY VENTILATION EXTERNAL RESPIRATION RESPIRATORY GAS TRANSPORT INTERNAL RESPIRATION

air must move into and out of the lung so that gases in the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs are continuously changed and refreshed. This process of pulmonary ventilation is commonly called BREATHING.

 Gas

exchange (oxygen loading and carbon dioxide unloading) between the pulmonary blood and alveoli must take place.

Oxygen

and carbon dioxide must be transported to and from the lungs and tissue cells of the body via the blood stream.

At systemic capillaries, gas exchanges must be made between the blood and tissue cells

 Breathing

or pulmonary ventilation is a completely mechanical process that depends on volume changes occurring in the thoracic cavity. Volume changes lead to pressure change, which lead to the flow of gas to equalize the pressure.