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Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by sand flies. It causes a range of diseases from slow-healing skin ulcers to fatal visceral leishmaniasis. The parasite has two forms, an extracellular promastigote found in sand flies and an intracellular amastigote found in humans. It is diagnosed by identifying the amastigote in tissue samples and treated with pentavalent antimony compounds. Prevention relies on controlling sand fly populations with insecticides and treating infected humans and reservoirs to limit transmission.