Outline

History Geometry

Rollup Vector Metallicity

Electronic Properties

Field Effect Transistors Quantum Wires

Ropes

Physical Properties

Separation

Introduction

High Aspect Ratio Carbon nanomaterial

Family inclues Bucky Balls and Graphene

Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT)

History

1952 L. V. Radushkevich and V. M. Lukyanovich

50 nm MWCNT Published in Soviet Journal of Physical Chemistry Cold War hurt impact of discovery Some work done before 1991 but not a hot topic

1991-1992 The Watershed

Iijima discovers MWCNT in arc burned rods Mintmire, Dunlap, and Whites predict amazing electronic and physical properties

1993 Bethune and Iijima independently discover SWCNT

Add Transition metal to Arc Discharge method (same method as Bucky Balls)

Geometry

Rollup Vector

Chiral Angle

(n,m) n-m=3d

Arm Chair (n,n), =30 Zig-zag (n,0), =0 Chiral, 0< <30

tan() = 3m/(2(n2+m2+ nm))

An Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes

John Sinclair

Field Effect Transistors

FETs work because of applied voltage on gate changes the amount of majority carriers decreasing Source-Drain Current SWCNT and MWCNT used

Differences will be discussed

Gold Electrodes Holes main carriers

Positive applied voltage should reduce current

SWCNT Transport Properties

Current shape consistent with FET Bias VSD = 10 mA G(S) conductance varies by ~5 orders of magnitude Mobility and Hole concentration determined to be large

Q=CVG,T (VG,T voltage to deplete CNT of holes) C calculated from physical parameters of CNT p=Q/eL

MWCNT Transport Properties

MWCNT performance is poor without defects

MWCNT has characteristic shape of FET Hole density similar to SWCNT but Mobility determined to be higher

See arrow for twists in collapsed MWCNT

Determined same as above

FET Conclusions

Higher carrier density than graphite Mobility similar to heavily p-doped silicon Conductance can be modulated by ~5 orders of magnitude in SWCNT MWCNT FET only possible after structural deformation

Quantum Wires

SWCNT Armchair tubes SWCNT deposited over two electrodes

Electrode resistance determined with four point probe and found to be ~ 1 M

Coulomb Charging

Contact Resistance Lower than Rquantum=h/e2~26 k C very low s.t. EC=e2/2C very large

If EC <<kT, Current only flows when Vbias>EC

Various gate V taken into account Step-like conductance

Quantum Wire

Strongly Temperature dependent conduction curve

E levels separated by E The resonant tunneling implies that the electrons are being transported phase coherently in a single molecular orbital for at least the distance of the electrodes (140 nm)

Occurs when a discrete electron level tunnels resonantly though Ef of electrode If electron levels of SWCNT where continuous peak would be constant

Physical Properties of Ropes

SWCNT rope laid on ultra-filtration membrane AFM tip applies force to measure Shear Modulus G and Reduced Elastic Modulus Er

Displacement of tube/Force was measured and Er and G where calculated

Er = Elastic Modulus when Searing is negligible

Summary of Results

Typical Values

Gdia ~ 478 GPa Ggla ~ 26.2 GPa Er-dia ~ 1220 GPa Er-gla ~ 65-90 GPa

Conclusion On Physical Properties

Shear properties of SWCNT lacking (Even compared to MWCNT ropes) Elastic properties very promising

Synthesis and Seperation

One major reason CNT devices have been so hard to scale up to industry uses is due to the inability to efficiently separate different species of CNT

Different types are produced randomly with 1/3 conducting 2/3 semiconducting

It has now been reported that with the use of structure-discriminating surfactants one can isolate a batch of CNT such that >97% CNT within 0.02 nm diameter

Overview of Technique

Surfactants change buoyancy properties of CNT Ultra-centrifugation techniques (which are scale-able) are used to separate different CNT Effective separation is seen

Separation according to metallicity Separation according to diameter

Conclusion

CNT devices show promise in molecular electronics both as wires and FET Physical properties are very promising being both strong and light Separation techniques continue to be developed to allow companies to make CNT devices

Sources

M. S. DRESSELHAUS, G. DRESSELHAUS, and R. SAITO. Carbon 33, 7 (1995) R. Martel, T. Schmidt, H. R. Shea, T. Hertel, and Ph. Avourisa. App. Phys. Lett. 73, 17 (1998) Sander J. Tans, Michel H. Devoret et al. Nature 386, 474-477 (1997) Jean-Paul Salvetat et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 5 (1999) MICHAEL S. ARNOLD et al. Nature Nanotechnology 1, 60-65 (2006) www.noritake-elec.com/.../nano/structu.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube academic.pgcc.edu/~ssinex/nanotubes/graphene.gif nano.gtri.gatech.edu/Images/MISC/figure4.gif