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Definition of DIC
A pathological condition associated with activation of both: Coagulation system and Fibrinolytic one
It should be considered as a secondary phenomena of .an underlying disease as
Massive Transfusion Is defined as the replacement of a patient's total blood volume in less than 24 hours,
DIC: Is it Predictable?
It can probably be predicted in all the previously mentioned high risk groups, except amniotic fluid embolism, as it is an unpredictable condition. However, in AFE, DIC it always occurs only after resuscitation from the primary shocked state.
Is it Preventable ?
It can be avoided in most cases by proper in time resuscitation and management of the underlying disease in proper time, e.g. Pre-eclampsia
Pathogenesis
The most accepted theory is the Cascade theory in which there is activation of both Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways leading to activation of factor xa leading to formation of thrombin from prothrombin to form fibrin from fibrinogen With associated activation of fibrinolytic system as a protective mechanism.
Symptoms of DIC
It is variable according to the cause, the presentation of the primary cause with: Generalized or localized hemorrhage Peticheae Thromboembolc manifestation, organ failure as: liver, lung, kidneys, brain and frank gangrene have been described. Chronic DIC, (that occurs with IUFD) may be asymptomatic.
Diagnosis
Although the definite diagnosis is only by histological finding of fibrin deposits, there are many indirect tests as: Bedside clot retraction test Skin puncture test, measure clotting time (fibrinogen) D. Diamer (90%d) Platelets count (90%) FDP (90%) Thrombin time (80%) PTT and PT (60%)
Treatment of DIC
Essentially treat the underlying cause. In most cases prompt termination of pregnancy is required. Supportive therapy should be directed to the correction of shock, acidosis and tissue ischemia. Cardiopulmonary support including inotropic therapy, blood transfusion and assisted ventilation
A= ANESTHESIA AND INTENSIVE CARE IN DUTY L = lab group in duty B= Blood bank in duty
Treatment
Careful monitoring of fluid balance Serial evaluation of coagulation parameters If sepsis is suspected, antibiotic is indicated with evacuation of the septic focus
Obtain and send 2 blood samples: 1) To blood bank for grouping and cross matching 2) To lab to obtain baseline for Hb, Htc, PT, PTT, platelet count and fibrinogen levels
DIC Treatment
Treatment of hypovolemia should be applied according to the guideline of National Institute of Health. Crystalloid first Plenty blood transfusion Treat hypothermia Red cell transfusion, if bleeding. (anticipated) Wies et al2007
Treatment of Coagulopathy
1-Fresh Frozen PASMA
FFP for a prolonged PT - The idea is to keep it 2 to 3 seconds from control, (it contains coagulation factors), each unit volume is 250ml
2-Cryoprecipitate
For a fibrinogen level less than 100 mg/dL. it is a fresh
frozen plasma concentrate, (each bag volume is 10ml), contains 100mg fibrinogen raising f by 10mg/dl.
Platelet Transfusion
Transfuse platelets for platelet counts less than 20,000/mm3in active bleeding or less than 50,000 if c s is planned. The rate of pl transfusion is one unit to every 10 kg/body w.
Treat Coagulopathy
Parental vitamin k and folic acid as pt of DICare deficient in these vitamins There is much data not in favor of use of the antifibrinolytic drugs In DIC 10 UNITES OF CRYOPPT, FOE 2/3 UNITE OF FF PLASMA SHOUID BE READY
PREPARE
AT LEAST:
10 units of cryoprecipitate 4 units of fresh frozen plasma 10 units of platelet concentrate Blood and packed RBCs
Whole blood
-Fresh -old
DIVC Massive haemorrhage Major liver trauma Bleeding associated with liver disease
Blood components
Packed red cells platelets Fresh Frozrn Cryopreci Plasma pitate
when PT & when PTT are fibrinogen higher than level is less 1.5 times than 80control levels 100mg/dl
All clotting Initially a tx for factors; no VW Dz, platelets Hemophilia Can Now a source of supplement RBCs when fibrinogen in whole blood notobstetric available for emergencies exchange transfusion
Plasma fractions
Clotting factor concentrates Immunoglobulin preparations Saline albumin solution Salt-poor albumin
Platelet normal dose: 12 dose: 1- 1.5 -2 concentrates - 15ml/ kg packs/ 10 kg (1 pack/10kg) (4-5packs) (8-10 packs) dose : 6units RDP or 1 unit SDP
Prognosis
Most cases of obstetric DIC will improve with delivery of the fetus or evacuation of the uterus This improved prognosis seems to be related to the recent advance in critical care
Conclusion
DIC is a secondary phenomena, therefore it is mostly predictable It occurs in an acute or chronic form, therefore it can be anticipated in the later form. The commonest cause is inadequate resuscitation, therefore it is preventable by early intervention.
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