Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
BANK ??
Basel Accord Interest Rate Risk Management Liquidity Risk Management RBI Guidelines on ALM Banks Balance Sheet NDTL What is Treasury Management? Treasury Products
Treasury Management
VaR, Price Gap & Time Gap 2 Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
What is a Bank???
A financial Institution that is owned by stockholders, operates for a profit, and engages in lending activities
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
ASSETS
Cash in hand Balances with RBI Balances with other banks, money at call and notice Investments
Advances
Fixed Assets Others
5
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Demand Liabilities
Demand Liabilities
They include current deposits, demand liabilities portion of savings bank deposits, margins held against letters of credit/guarantees, balances in overdue fixed deposits, cash certificates and cumulative/recurring deposits, outstanding Telegraphic Transfers (TTs), Mail Transfer (MTs), Demand Drafts (DDs), unclaimed deposits, credit balances in the Cash Credit account and deposits held as security for advances which are payable on demand. Money at Call and Short Notice from outside the Banking System should be shown against liability to others.
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Time Liabilities
Time Liabilities
They include fixed deposits, cash certificates, cumulative
and recurring deposits, time liabilities portion of savings bank deposits, staff security deposits, margin held against
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Form A
Section 42(2) of the RBI Act
11
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
within 20 days
12
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Form A
Memorandum to form 'A'- paid-up capital, reserves, time deposits i.e. of short term and Long term, CoD, NDTL, total CRR requirement etc.
Annexure A- foreign currency liabilities and assets Annexure B- investment in approved securities, investment in non-approved securities, memo items such as subscription to shares /debentures / bonds in primary market and subscriptions through private placement.
13
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
SCBs
Return
(a) the amount of its demand and time liabilities and the amount of its borrowings from banks in India, classifying them into demand and time liabilities, (b) the total amount of legal tender notes and coins held by it in India, (c) the balance held by it at the Bank in India, (d) the balances held by it at other banks in current account and the money at call and short notice in India, (e) the investments (at book value) in Central and State Government securities including treasury bills and treasury deposit receipts, (f) the amount of advances in India, (g) the inland bills purchased and discounted in India and foreign bills purchased and discounted, 15
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
16
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Objectives of Treasury
Funding of investment Working Capital Management
Short-term Investments
Risk (hedging) and Forex Management Responsibility for the judicious use of banks name Asset & liability management
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Middle office
Treasurer
Back-office
Forex activities
Derivatives
Treasury marketing
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Marketing all the interest rate ,Foreign exchange & derivatives products
TREASURY PRODUCTS
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
20
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
21
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
FORWARDS Refers to purchase or sale of currency on a future date. Treasury gets into forward contracts with customers (importers,exporters who do not want the currency risk) and simultaneously gets into reverse positions in the inter-bank market. Treasury may get into forward market to make speculative gains. Forward rates are arrived by adding the interest rate differential to the spot rate of low interest yielding and deducted from the spot rate of high interest yielding . However this is applicable in perfect markets where the currency is fully convertible. In India the demand for the currency influences the rate more than the 22 interest differentials. Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
SWAPS
Combination of spot and forward transaction. Generally used for funding requirements, but also arbitrage opportunity. INVESTMENT OF FOREX SURPLUSES Surpluses arise due to variety of reasons Can invest in Inter-bank loans Short term investments Nostro accounts
23
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
24
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
MONEY MARKET
Refers to raising and deployment of short term resources with maturity not exceeding 1 year It is sub-divided into CALL (over night placements), NOTICE ( < 14 days), TERM ( < 1 year typically 1 6 months) RBI has imposed restrictions on non- banks with a view to phase out their participation and make money market as a pure inter-bank market.
25
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Role
Intermediary Borrower / Issuer Borrowers / Issuers Market Makers Market Makers Borrowers / Issuers Lenders / Investors Investors Intermediaries Issuers
26
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Bill Financing
Repurchase Agreements (REPOs) Interest Rate Swaps
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Call Money
Money Market Instruments
28
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Bills
Money Market Instruments
Yields
29
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Commercial Papers
Money Market Instruments
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Certificate of Deposits
Definition Issuers Subscribers Features Purpose Min size and denomination Term/maturity
31
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
32
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
The difference in rates Fixed Market 12.00% - 10.00% = 2.00% Floating Market MIBOR+0.50% - (MIBOR + 0.25%) = 0.25%
34
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
SECURITIES MARKET
Investment business is an important aspect of treasury. Involves buying and selling in securities market. GOVERNMENT SECURITIES Treasury invests primarily in Gsecs to comply with the SLR (25%). SLR gradually reduced over the years. Gsecs issued by public debt office of RBI on behalf of government. Interest is fixed known as coupon rate but price keeps on changing hence yield keeps 35 on changing. Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Government uses securities to fund its deficit. RBI uses Gsecs to control liquidity through open market operations. As the interest rates were falling, Gsecs were very attractive and banks invested to the tune of 41% as against the requirement of 25%. However now with increasing interest rates, apprehension is the norm. Gsec yields are used as benchmark for other bonds.
CORPORATE DEBT PAPER Medium and long term bonds issued by corporate and financial inst. Yields higher than Gsec and they differ based on credit rating Fairly active secondary market, hence liquid.
36
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
DEBENTURES AND BONDS Debt instruments secured or unsecured. Conventionally in India debentures issued by private sectors and bonds by public sector. Debentures are transferable only by registration whereas bonds are negotiable. Debentures governed by company law, bonds by contract act. Internationally no difference between the two. Debenture and bond holders have the prior legal claim ahead of preference share holders and equity shareholders.
EQUITY Banks are allowed to invest in equities subject to a ceiling.(currently at 5 % of total assets)
37
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management
Money Markets
Foreign Exchange
38
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Money Markets
Measures affecting Money Markets:
Treasury Management
Repos
39
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Foreign Exchange
Funding avenues in Forex Market:
Treasury Management
40
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Computation of VaRIllustration
Change in Value
<=Rs 10,00,000 - Rs 5,00,000 to Rs 9,99,999 - Rs 2,50,000 to Rs 4,99,999 Rs 0 to Rs 2,49,999 Rs 1 to Rs 2,49,999 Rs 2,50,000 to Rs 4,99,999 Rs 5,00,000 to Rs 9,99,999 >= Rs 10,00,000
Probability
0.01 0.04 0.15 0.30 0.3 0.15 0.4 0.1
E( V) ( V)
VaR (1%) = E( V)
2.33 ( V)
VaR (5%) = E( V)
1.65 ( V)
42
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Computation of VaRIllustration
E( V) ( V) Thus , - Rs 10,00,000 - Rs 15,00,000
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Price Gap
Price Gap can be defined as the difference in the value (Price) of the assets and liabilities, which occurs due to changes in Interest rates.
Let us consider an example: XYZ bank issues a 5 year, 6% coupon rate bond at face value of Rs 1000 and invests in 5 year, 6% coupon rate bond at face value of Rs 500. Interest rate drops to 5% Market Price of Bond issued = 60/0.05 = Rs 1200. Market Price of the Bond Invested = 30/0.05 = Rs 600
45
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Time Gap
Time gap can be defined as the Gap occurring due to the difference in the maturity periods of assets and liabilities.
Let us consider an example: Mr. X deposits Rs. 1000 with a Bank at 6% rate of interest for a period of 1 year. Let us consider that the bank lends this money to Mr. Y at 11% rate of interest for 3 years. Thus at the time of payment to Mr. X after 1 year the bank has no money left with it since it has provided this to Mr. Y.
46
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Credit Risk
Market Risk
47
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Market Risks
Credit Risk Risks
Market Risk
Exchange Risks
Interest Rate Risks Liquidity Risks Equity Price Risk Commodity Risk
48
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Credit Risk
Treasury Management Risk
Counterparties may be unwilling or unable to fulfill obligations Losses due to credit risk can occur before actual default Credit risk is controlled by imposing
credit limits
Credit Risk Market Risk
49
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Market Risk
Treasury Management Risk
Definition: Market Risk is the risk to the Banks earnings and capital due to changes in the market level of interest rates or prices of securities, foreign exchange and equities as well as the volatilities of those changes.
Credit Risk Market Risk
50
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Assets
1. Cash & Balances with RBI 2. Bal. With Banks & Money at Call and Short Notices 3. Investments 4. Advances 5. Fixed Assets 6. Other Assets
52
Contingent Liabilities
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
I.
II.
53
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
It is a dynamic process of Planning, Organizing & Controlling of Assets & Liabilities- their volumes, mixes, maturities, yields and costs in order to maintain liquidity and NII. ALM is a system of matching cash inflows and outflows, and thus of liquidity management ALM is the act of Planning, Acquiring and Directing the 54 flow of funds through the bank
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
RBI DIRECTIVES
Issued draft guidelines on 10th Sept98. Final guidelines issued on 10th Feb99 for implementation of ALM w.e.f. 01.04.99. To begin with 60% of asset &liabilities will be covered; 100% from 01.04.2000. Initially Gap Analysis to be applied in the first stage of implementation. Disclosure to Balance Sheet on maturity pattern on Deposits, Borrowings, Investment & Advances w.e.f. 31.03.01 RBI has propose to switch over to Risk Based Supervision
56
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Objectives of ALM
Aimed at identification, measurement, monitoring and control of the market risk segment Its key objectives are: 1)stabilization of net interest income, 2)maximization of shareholders wealth, 3)managing liquidity The primary objective of an Asset Liability management system is liquidity risk management and interest rate risk management.
57
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Banks NIM
Banks response to Interest Rate Changes Interest Expense Invest. Value, Profit & Risk Banks Net Worth Market Value of Banks Liabilities
58
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Prerequisites of ALM
Developing a better understanding of ALM concepts, Introducing an ALM information system, Setting up ALM decision-making processes (ALM Committee/ALCO). Awareness for ALM in the Bank staff at all levels supportive Management & dedicated Teams. Insight into the banking operations, economic forecasting, computerization, investment, credit. Linking up ALM to future Risk Management Strategies.
59
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
ALCO
Administers on a daily basis the componenets tht affect financial performance Develops, implements and manages bankss annual budget or profit plan and its risk management programme Its compositions depends on: - size of the organisation - magnitude of operations - business mix - need for response to market dynamics 60
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Composition of ALCO
Head of Committee CEO/CMD/ED
Chief of Investments
Chief of Credit
Chief of Planning
Chief of Treasury
Economic Research
Invitee
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
63
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
ALM Process
Efficiency of ALM process depends on ALM MIS and ALM structure Its primary goal is to identify risk parameters It takes care of foll. Risks
Liquidity Interest risk Currency Equity Commodity
64
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
ALM Process
Risk Identification Risk Measurement
Risk Management
Risk Tolerance And Limit Levels
65
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Significance of ALM
Volatility Deregulation of financial system changed the dynamics of financial markets. Such free economic environment are reflected in Interest Rate Structure, Money Supply, Exchange Rate and Price Level Product Innovations & Complexities Rapid innovation take place in financial products of the bank. They have an impact on the risk profile of the bank Regulatory Environment 66 Management Recognition
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
67
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Scope of ALM
68
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Liquidity risk
Liquidity risk is often related to banks inability to pay to its depositors It leads to distress pricing of assets and liabilities A bank with high degree of liquidity risk has 2 options - to borrow funds from money market at high rates - to increase its deposit rates Liquidity risk has strong co-relation to interest risk and credit risk.
69
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
70
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Funding Avenues
To satisfy funding needs, a bank must perform one or a combination of the following: Dispose off liquid assets Increase short term borrowings Decrease holding of less liquid assets Increase liability of a term nature Increase Capital funds
71
a. b. c. d. e.
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
73
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
74
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
TIME BUCKETS
All Assets & Liabilities to be reported as per their maturity profile into 8 maturity Buckets: i. 1 to 14 days
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
1. 1 to 14 days
2. Depends 3. Interim Cash flows under respectve maturity buckts 4. - 3 to 5 yrs - over 5 yrs 5. Over 5 yrs 6. Respective maturity Buckets
81
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
300 200 350 400 50 50 700 650 200 150 50 50 200 150 Loans BPLR Linked 100 150 Others 50 50 Total Inflow 600 550 Gap -100 -100 Cumulative Gap -100 -200 Gap % to Total Outflow -15.38 -14.29
Capital Liab-fixed Int Liab-floating Int Others Total outflow Investments Loans-fixed Int Loans - floating
200 600 600 300 200 350 450 500 450 450 0 550 1050 1100 750 650 250 250 300 100 350 0 100 150 50 100 200 150 150 150 50 200 500 350 500 100 0 0 0 0 0 650 1000 950 800 600 100 -50 -150 50 -50 -100 -150 -300 -250 -300
18.18 -4.76 -13.64 6.67 -7.69
200 200 450 200 1050 900 100 50 100 200 1350 300 0
28.57
200 2600 3400 300 6500 2500 600 1100 2000 300 6500 0 0
82
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
83
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Particulars
29 to 30 days
Outflows
Inflows Mismatch Cumulative mismatch Mismatch as a % to outflow
85
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
STRATEGIEScontd
To meet the mismatch in any maturity bucket, the bank has to look into taking deposit and invest it suitably so as to mature in time bucket with negative mismatch. The bank can raise fresh deposits of Rs 300 crore over 5 years maturities and invest it in securities of 1-29 days of Rs 200 crores and rest matching with other out flows.
87
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Maturity Pattern of Select Assets & Liabilities of A Bank Liability/Assets Rupees (In Cr) In Percentage
I. Deposits 15200 100 a. Up to 1 year 8000 52.63 b. Over 1 yr to 3 yrs 6700 44.08 c. Over 3 yrs to 5 yrs 230 1.51 d. Over 5 years 270 1.78 II. Borrowings 450 100 a. Up to 1 year 180 40.00 b. Over 1 yr to 3 yrs 00 0.00 c. Over 3 yrs to 5 yrs 150 33.33 d. Over 5 years 120 26.67 III. Loans & Advances 8800 100 a. Up to 1 year 3400 38.64 b. Over 1 yr to 3 yrs 3000 34.09 c. Over 3 yrs to 5 yrs 400 4.55 d. Over 5 years 2000 22.72 Iv. Investment 5800 100 a. Up to 1 year 1300 22.41 b. Over 1 yr to 3 yrs 300 5.17 88 c. Over 3 yrs to 5 yrs 900 15.52 Treasury Over 5 years in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer d. Management 3300 56.90
90
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
92
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Earnings at Risk
Outcome of application of a notional interest rate shock in the interest segment of a bank or a financial institution to give a stress tested earning position. Basel Norms suggest: - Standardized interest rate shock of 2% - Danger incase of economic value below 20% of tier I and tier 2 capital.
93
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Earnings at Risk
Calculations - Classification - Multiply by the remaining months of maturity - Sum up the totals - Find the net product - Compute the risk or fall based on 1% shock.
94
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Components
Price Risk
Market Risks
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Measures how much Interest Rate Risk a Bank evidences at a fixed point time. Interest Rate risk is measured by calculating GAPs over different time periods on aggregate Balance sheet data at a Fixed point in time hence termed as Static GAP.
Static Gap Analysis Duration Gap Analysis 96
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
GAP STATEMENT
1.
Gap for 1-14 & 15-28 Days is within limits. It does not exceed 20% of Outflows.
2. Not liquid up to 3 years horizon. Severe liquidity problems 3 months on Wards. 3. Short term deposits are funding investments 1-3 yrs and 3-5 yrs. This is Creating liquidity 97 crunch.
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
98
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Rate Sensitivity
An Asset / Liability is classified as rate sensitive if
99
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
6
7 8
Borrowings - Floating
Borrowings - Zero Coupon Other Liabilities and Provisions i) Bills Payable ii) Inter-Office Adjustment
Sensitive
Sensitive Non-Sensitive Non-Sensitive
iii) Provisions Non-Sensitive Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
1 2 3
Balances with RBI Balances with other Banks i) Current Account ii) Money at call and Short Notice, Term Deposits and other placements
Investments I) Fixed Rate / Zero Coupon ii) Floating Sensitive Sensitive Non-Sensitive Sensitive Non-Sensitive
iii) Leased Assets Sensitive Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
102
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
RSA = Rs. 100 Cr (Within 1 yr Maturity and earning 15% p.a.) RSL = Rs. 60 Cr. (Within 1 yr Maturity and raised at 9% p.a.)
RSA > RSL GAP is +ve Cumulative GAP = RSA RSL = Rs. 40 Cr 103 NII = 15 Cr 5.4 Cr = 9.6 Cr Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Example contd.
If interest rate increase by 1%
Amount
Rs. 100 Cr Rs. 60 Cr.
NII = 16 Cr 6 Cr = Rs. 10 Cr NII increased by 0.4 Cr with 1% rise in Interest rate Income = GAP I = Rs. 40 Cr * 0.01 = Rs. 0.4 Cr
104
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Example contd.
If interest rate decrease by 1%
Amount
Rs. 100 Cr
Rs. 60 8% Rs. 4.8 Cr Cr. NII = 14 Cr 4.8 Cr = Rs. 9.2 Cr NII decreased by 0.4 Cr with 1% rise in Interest rate Income = GAP I = Rs. 40 Cr * 0.01 = Rs. 0.4 Cr
105
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
+VE +VE
> Decreases Decreases Decrease Decreas s es -VE Increase Increase < Increases Decreases s s < Decreases Increases -VE Decrease Decreas s es Zero Increase Increase = Increases Neutral 106 Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer s s
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Duration Analysis
It is used to measure Interest Rate Sensitivity of an Asset / Liability It is the Weighted Avg. Maturity of all the cash flows. Formula:
108
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Example
Five Year Bond Par Value = Rs. 10,000 , Coupon rate = 8%, YTM = 10%, Maturity = 5 Years
Time Cash Flow PV Multiplier 1 2 3 800 800 800 0.909091 0.826446 0.751315 PV 727.27 661.16 601.05 Weighted PV 727.27 1,322.31 1,803.16
4
5
800
10800
0.683013
0.620921
546.41
6,705.95 9,241.84
2,185.64
33,529.75 39,568.14
Duration = 39,568.14 / 9,241.84 = 4.2814 Yrs 109 Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Decrea Increase = Increas None 110 se e Static Gap Analysis Duration Gap Analysis Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Market Risks
Cap on inter-bank borrowings Purchased funds vis--vis liquid assets Core deposits vis--vis Core Assets Duration of liabilities and investment portfolio
111
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
112
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Consider an Example
Assets Liabilities
Equity 10 Crores
Total
100 Crores
Total
100 Crores
NII = 10 Crores 5.4 Crores = 4.6 Crores NIM = (10 crores-5.4 crores)/100 Crores = 4.6%
113
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Liabilities
90 Crores, 30 days deposits @8% Equity 10 Crores
Total
100 Crores
Total
100 Crores
NII = 10 Cr 7.2 Cr = 2.8 Cr NIM = (10 Cr-7.2 Cr)/100 Cr = 2.8% Change In NII &NIM = 1.6Cr, -1.6%
114
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Borrow $1000 from US Market Interest rate 3%(30 days) Convert into Rupees i.e. Rs. 44000
Invest the Rs. 44000 in Indian Money market instrument interest rate 2% (30 days)
116
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Example contd
After 30 days Exchange rate Rs 42/$1
After 30 days Receive the payment of $1000, and use it to pay off the Principal.
Interest to be paid - $1000 * 0.03 = $30 = Rs 30 *42 = Rs 1260 Interest earned Rs 44000 * 0.02 = Rs. 880 Cost of the Hedge = 1260 880 = Rs 380 Loss if not hedged = (44-42) * 1000 = Rs. 2000
117
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
118
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Bank A
Bank B
Floating Rate
119
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
1
2 3 4 5
10
10 10 10 10
10
11 10.5 10 9.5
10
11 10.5 10 9.5
0
1 0.5 0 0.5
0
10 5 0 -5
0
-10 -5 0 5
100
100
110
105
11
10.5
100
100
0
95
0
9.5
120
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
With Hedging
121
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
122
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Taking into account the -- size, complexity of operations, relevance to the financial sector, need to ensure less risk and the need for having an efficient delivery mechanism
125
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
APPROACH OF RBI
With the commencement of the banking sector reforms in the early 1990s, RBI has been consistently upgrading the Indian banking sector by adopting international best practices. The approach to reforms is by having clarity about the destination, deciding on the sequence and modulating the pace of reforms to suit Indian conditions
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
BASEL I
The current risk-based capital adequacy rules, adopted in 1989, are based on the International Basel Capital Accord of 1988 (Basel I). Basel I requires all banks to maintain a minimum total risk-based capital ratio of 8 percent.
India implemented the Basel I framework with effect from 1992-93 which was, however, spread over 3 years
127
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Limitations of Basel I
Insufficiently sensitive to risk (broad categories)
Very limited account of risk mitigation To lend to poorer quality credits No incentive structure to improve risk measurement and risk management practice
128
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Keeping in mind following risk -- Credit risk , Market risk & Operational risk
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
130
Credit Risk
Basel II places emphasis on improving the management and measurement of credit risk The measurement of credit risk implies assessing the borrowers creditworthiness. A loan should, therefore, be priced to reflect how much risk it involves.
132
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
EL =
1.What is the probability of a counterparty going into default? 2. How much will customer owe the bank in the case of default? (Expected Exposure)
Probability of Default
PD X
EaD X
LGD
133
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
134
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Standardised Approach
New risk weights (0%; 20%; 50%; 100%, 150%) used for assessing capital required. Uses External Ratings (where available) Unrated weighted at 100% 35% weight for claims secured by Residential Mortgage 100% weight for claims secured by Commercial Mortgage
135
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
137
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Exposure at Default
x Regulatory
Imposed
Regulatory Imposed
IRB Foundation
Proprietary x Rating
Regulatory Imposed
Regulatory Imposed
IRB Advanced
Proprietary x Rating
Proprietary Severity
Proprietary Exposure
138
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
139
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
The 3 Approaches
Standardised Approach
Foundation IRB (Internal Ratings Based) Approach Advanced IRB (Internal Ratings Based) Approach
- One size fits all - No capital incentives for better Credit Risk Management
140
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Operational Risk
It is defined as the risk of losses resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, and systems, or external events and Banks use their own methodology for assessing exposure to operational risks.
141
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Operational Risk
Operational Risk (OR) will add to banks regulatory capital requirements Operational risk is not restricted to banks, its present in all organisations including yours
142
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Since banks are already required to hold capital sufficient to meet their risk profiles under Basel I, the new accord does not propose anything new under the second pillar. Existing rules such as the prompt corrective action rules would continue to be enforced and supplemented as necessary to ensure that an institution holds sufficient capital given its overall risk profile.
144
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
PILLAR 3
Market Discipline Requirements
Specific disclosure requirements would be applicable to all banks Banks would have to disclose in their public financial reports or in regulatory reports on a quarterly basis, their risk management policies for each separate risk area and their exposures to credit and other types of risks. This would allow shareholders and debt holders to assess a banks capital structure, risk exposures, risk assessment processes, and 145 capital adequacy.
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
2004: Basel II
Three Pillars
Menu of Approaches
Broad Brush
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Comparison ..
Basel I
Capital Minimum Regulatory = (Credit & Market) Risk adjusted assets Capital
Basel II
Minimum Regulatory = Capital Capital Credit + Operational + Market risk risk risk
147
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
Even without the compulsions of Basel, Indian banking industry is on a look out for expanding their operations to the overseas countries. The domestic markets are saturated and some of the banks have already tested the foreign waters for profitable markets. Hence there is a need for consolidation in the banking industry today in order to compete for a piece of the pie in the international markets.
148
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
CONCLUSION
Future presents both challenges and opportunities Enhance the financial performance and raise the visibility of treasury Increased use of automation and outsourcing and relying on a more versatile staff As all policies with respect to Basel need to be considered within the broader context of the banks own business strategy. Banks need risk management packages not only to adhere Basel II ,also for effective risk management and mitigation, gain competitive advantage, develop the robust system, transparency, and cost reduction through detailed data analysis
149
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
BANK ??
Basel Accord Interest Rate Risk Management Liquidity Risk Management RBI Guidelines on ALM Banks Balance Sheet NDTL What is Treasury Management? Treasury Products
Treasury Management
VaR, Price Gap & Time Gap 150 Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer
THANK YOU
151
Treasury Management in Banks Presented by Namrata Padhye, Ritu Madan & Anand Iyer