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External Factors
Internal Factors
g Nuovo Pignone
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INLET COMPRESSOR
COMBUSTOR
TURBINE
EXHAUST
TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE PRESSURE
PRESSURE
ATMOSPHRIC LEVEL
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The thermodiynamic cycle of a gas turbine is known as the BRAYTON CYCLE. The following diagram is useful to understand the meaning of the thermodynamic cycle more easily.
FUEL COMBUSTION
2 3 4
EXHAUST
COMPRESSOR LOAD
AIR INLET
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T
3
FUEL
S P
2 3 2
COMBUSTION
3
EXHAUST
COMPRESSOR LOAD
AIR INLET
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T
2 1 3 4
Wc
S
4
HR
Wt
V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2 3 4
Nu
EXHAUST
Q1
COMPRESSOR LOAD
Q2
AIR INLET
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T
2 1 3 4
S
4
V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2 3
Wc c pm (T2 T1 ) (T2 T1 )
Mesured in
EXHAUST
4
COMPRESSOR LOAD
Kj kginlet _ air
AIR INLET
g Nuovo Pignone
T
2 1 3 4
S
4
Wt c pm (T3 T4 ) (T3 T4 )
Mesured in
EXHAUST
4 3
V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2
COMPRESSOR LOAD
Kj kg gas
AIR INLET
g Nuovo Pignone
T
2 1 3 4
S
4
Q1 c pm (T3 T2 ) (T3 T2 )
Mesured in
EXHAUST
4 3
V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2
COMPRESSOR LOAD
Kj kg gas
AIR INLET
g Nuovo Pignone
T
2 1 3 4
S
4
Q2 c pm (T4 T1 ) (T4 T1 )
Mesured in
EXHAUST
4
V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2 3
Kj kgehxaust_ gas
COMPRESSOR LOAD
AIR INLET
g Nuovo Pignone
T
2 1 3 4
S
4
(Q1 Q2 ) Q1
This equation tell us that, by parity of heat Q1, introduced into the combustion chamber by fuel, efficiency will increase as heat Q2 dissipated into the atmosphere decreases
V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2 3 4
EXHAUST
COMPRESSOR LOAD
AIR INLET
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T
2 1 3 4
S
4
V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2
COMPRESSOR LOAD
Kj
AIR INLET
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T
2 1 3 4
S
4
Q1 HR Nu
EXHAUST
4
V
FUEL COMBUSTION
2 3
COMPRESSOR LOAD
Heat Rate is the inverse of efficiency, in that it indicates the ratio between thermal energy, resulting from the combustion process, and mechanical energy, obtained on the power shaft.
AIR INLET
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T
2
T3
1
S
3
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Section A refers the so called TURBINE INLET TEMPERATURE, wich is the average temperature of gas at plane A. Section C refers to the so-called ISO FIRING TEMPERATURE, wich is the average gas temperature at plane C, calculated as a function of the air and fuel flow rates via a thermal balance of combustion according to the ISO 2314 procedure. The difference in the interpretation of temperatures in section A and B consists in the fact that the section B temperature takes account of mixing with 1st stage nozzle cooling air, wich was not involved in the combustion process, but mixes with burnt gases after cooling the surface of the nozzle. According to the NUOVO PIGNONE-GENERAL ELECTRIC standard, the temperature that best repreesents point (3) is the one in section B
T
2
S
3
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EFFICIENCY
COMPRESSION RATIO
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A Gas Turbine uses atmospheric air, therefore, its performance is greatly affected by all factors that influence T the weigh flow rate of air delivered to the compressor. These factor are:
S
3
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HEAT RATE
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ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
CORRECTION FACTOR
CORRECTION FACTOR
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
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CORRECION FACTOR
POWER
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The internal factors are related to the auxiliary systems of the gas turbine. They are:
Pressure losses in the compressor inlet section Pressure losses in the turbine exhaust system
T
2
Fuel type
Air extraction from the axial compressor Steam injection Water injection Evaporative cooling
S
3
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ISO Condition
and
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ISO Condition
Ambient temperature (C)
Atmospheric Pressure (mbar) Relative humidity (%)
15
1013 60 0
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!
ALF
FOR AERODERIVATIVE GAS TURBINE
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ALF
is applicable for all Aereoderivative gas turbine