1

1
EARLY TRANSCENDENTALS
2
Edited by Vu Thu Giang

CALCULUS
2

Section 2.2 and 2.3
The definition of the limit of a function
One side limits
Infinite limits
The limit laws
3

Section 2.2 Exercise 4
For the function whose graph is given,
state the value of each quantity, if it
exists. If it does not exist, explain why.
f
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 3 3
3
lim lim lim
lim 3
x x x
x
a f x b f x c f x
d f x e f
+

Solution
Easy to find




d. Since the left and right limits are different, we conclude that
does not exist.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 3 3
lim 3 lim 4 lim 2
3 3
x x x
a f x b f x c f x
e f
+

= = =
=
( )
3
lim
x
f x

4

Section 2.2 Exercise 15
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 3 3
lim 4, lim 2, lim 2
3 3, 2 1
x x x
f x f x f x
f f
+

= = =
= =
Sketch the graph of an example of a function f that satisfies all of the
given conditions
means

f(x) is close to l when x is close
to a from the right. The left
side limit and both side limit
are similar.

( )
lim
x a
f x l
+
=


What will the graph
of f(x) be?
( )
lim
x a
f x l
+
=
5

Section 2.2 Exercise 27
Determine the infinite limit
( )
2
1
2
lim
1
x
x
x

Solution
If x is close to 1, then the denominator is a small positive number

and close to 1. So the quotient is a large positive

number. The more the value x is close to 1, the larger the quotient is.
Thus, we have
( )
2
1 x
( )
2 x
( )
2
2
1
x
x

( )
2
1
2
lim
1
x
x
x

( )
2
1 x
6

Section 2.2 Exercise 35
a. Estimate the value of the limit to five decimal places.
Does this number look familiar?
b. Illustrate part (a) by graphing the function
( )
1/
0
lim 1
x
x
x

+
( )
1/
1
x
y x = +
Solution
By calculating we have
7

Section 2.2 Exercise 35 cont
These numbers are more and more close to a constant number. This
number look familiar and we use to call number e .
In fact, we have


The graph of the function is given following. From the
graph we imply that

( )
1/
0
1
lim 1 lim 1
n
x
x n
x e
n

| |
+ = + =
|
\ .
( )
1/
1
x
y x = +
( )
1/
0
lim 1 2.7
x
x
x

+ ~
8

Section 2.3 Exercise 7
Evaluate the limits and justify each step by indicating the appropriate
Limit Law(s)
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
4 4
2 2
4
2 2 2
4
lim 3 6 lim 3 6 11
lim lim 3 lim 6 1
2 3. 2 6 3,9
4
u u
u u u
u u u u by law
u u by law
by law


+ + = + +
= + +
= + +
=
Solution

4
2
lim 3 6
u
u u

+ +
9

Section 2.3 Exercise 15.19.20
Evaluate the limit, if it exists
( )
2
2 3
3 2
3
0
9 2
15. lim 19. lim
2 7 3 8
2 8
20.lim
t x
h
t x
t t x
h
h

+
+ + +
+
Solution


( )( )
( )( )
2
2
3 3 3
3 3
9 3
15. lim lim lim
2 7 3 3 2 1 2 1
6
5
t t t
t t
t t
t t t t t

+

= = =
+ + + + +
( )
( )
3 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 1
19. li
1
1
m lim lim
8 2 4
2 2 4
2
x x x
x x
x x x
x x x

+ +
= = =
+ +
+ +
( )
( )
3
2 3
2
0 0 0
2 8
8 12 6 8
20.lim lim lim 6 1 2 2 1
h h h
h
h h h
h h
h h

+
+ + +
= = + + =
1
0

Section 2.3 Exercise 35
If for ,
find
( )
2
4 9 4 7 x f x x x s s +
0 x >
( )
4
lim
x
f x

Solution
Since we have and the assumption

for then
( )
( )
2
4 4
lim 4 9 lim 4 7 7
x x
x x x

= + =
( )
2
4 9 4 7 x f x x x s s +
0 x >
( )
4
lim 7
x
f x

=
Can you calculate the
limit of and
when ?

They are equal!
So, What will happen?
4 9 x
2
4 7 x x +
4 x
1
1

Section 2.3 Exercise 39.40
Find the limit, if it exists. If the limit does not exist, explain why.
( )
3 6
2 12
39.lim 2 3 40. lim
6
x x
x
x x
x

+
+
+
Solution

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
3 3
3 3
3
39. lim 2 3 lim 2 3 6
lim 2 3 lim 2 3 6
lim 2 3 6
x x
x x
x
x x x x
x x x x
Then x x
+

+

+ = + =
+ = + =
+ =
6
6 6
6 6
2 12
The one-side
2 12 2 12
40. lim l
limits are no
im 2
6 6
2
t equal so the limit li
12 2 12
lim lim 2
6 6
m does not exist.
6
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
+ +

+

+ +
= =
+ +
+ +
= =
+
+
+
The absolute value
may be different when
x goes to a from the
left and the right!
1
2

Section 2.3 Exercise 49
a. If the symbol denotes the greatest integer function define in
Example 10, evaluate

b. If n is an integer, evaluate

c. For what values of a does exist?
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2.4
lim 2 lim 1
Thus we see that the one-side limits are
not equal and the limit does not exist.
lim 2
x
x
x
i x ii x
iii x

= =
=
( ) ( )
lim lim
x n x n
i x ii x
+

lim
x a
x

Solution
a. From the graph of the greatest
integer function we have

1
3

Section 2.3 Exercise 49 Cont
b. If n is an integer,

c. If and only if a is not an integer.
( ) ( )
lim 1 lim
x n x n
i x n ii x n
+

= =
lim
x a
x

1
4

Section 2.3 Exercise 58
Show by means of an example that may exist,

even through neither nor exists.
( ) ( )
lim
x a
f x g x

( +

( )
lim
x a
f x

( )
lim
x a
g x

Solution
For example, let

( ) ( )
,
x x x
f x g x
x x

= =
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0 0
lim lim 1, lim lim 1 lim
x x x x x
x x
f x f x f x
x x
+ +

= = = = -
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0 0
lim lim 0, lim lim 2 lim
x x x x x
x x x x
g x g x f x
x x
+ +


= = = = -
( ) ( )
0 0
But lim lim1 1
x x
f x g x

( + = =

1
5

Section 2.3 Exercise 61
Is there a number a such that



exist? If so, find the value of a and the value of the limit.
2
2
2
3 3
lim
2
x
x ax a
x x

+ + +
+
Solution
approaches to 0 as x approaches to -2
Thus, the limit exist implies -2 is a solution of equation

This means


When we have

( )( )
2
2 1 2 x x x x + = +
2
3 3 0 x ax a + + + =
( )
2
15 3. 2 2 3 0 a a a + + = =
15 a =
( )( )
( )( )
2
2
2 2
3 3 2
3 15 18
lim lim
2
1
1 2
x x
x x
x x
x x x x

+ +
+ +
= =
+

+
When will the
limit exist?
1
6

Problem 2.3.6
The figure shows a fixed circle C
1
with equation (x - 1)
2
+ y
2
= 1 and a
shrinking circle C
2
with radius r and center the origin. P is the point
(0,r), Q is the upper point of intersection of the two circles, and R is
the point of intersection of the line PQ and the x-axis. What happens
to R as C
2
shrinks, that is, as r 0
+
?
solution 1
Determine the coordinates
of Q

Q
x r
2
1
2
=
Q
y r r
2
1
4
2
=
The equation of the line though
PQ
( )
r
y r x
r
2
4 2
0

=
Set y = 0 in order to find x-intercept, we get

R
r
x r
r
2
2
2
... 2 4
2 4
= = = +

Take the limit as r 0
+
, lim x
R
= 4. The limiting position of R is (40)

1
7

Problem 2.3.62
T
solution 2
ZPSQ = Z PRO (?)
ZOQS = Z TQR (?)
ZPSQ = Z OQS (?)
S
TQ = TR
When r 0 then Q O
TR 2 or x
T
4
1
8

1
9

Section 2.5
Three conditions for the continuity at
a number a of a function
A function is continuous from the left
and from the right at a number a
Some continuous functions
The Intermediate Value Theorem
2
0

Section 2.5 Exercise 7
Solution
a. The graph break when x=-2
or x=2 or x=4. Thus, f is
discontinuous at these
numbers.
b. From the graph we imply
that


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 4
lim 2 , lim 2 , lim 4
x x x
f x f f x f f x f
+ +

= = =
So f is continuous from the left at -2, and continuous from the right
at 2 and 4.
2
1

Section 2.5 Exercise 7
A parking lost charges $3 for the first hour (or a part of an hour) and $2
for each succeeding hour (or part), up to daily maximum of $10.
a. Sketch a graph of the cost of parking at this lot as a function of the
time parked there.
b. Discuss this discontinuities of this function and their significance to
someone who parks in the lot.
Solution
2
2

Section 2.5 Exercise 11
Use the definition of the continuity and the properties of the limits to
show that the function is continuous at the given number a.
( )
( )
4
3
2 , 1 f x x x a = + =
Solution
f(x) is continuous at -1 if

We have



Therefore and f(x) is continuous at -1.
( ) ( )
1
lim 1
x
f x f

=
( )
1 81 f =
( )
( )
4
3
1 1
lim lim 2 81
x x
f x x x

= + =
( ) ( )
1
lim 1
x
f x f

=
When will
f(x) is
continuous
at a?
2
3

Section 2.5 Exercise 18
Explain why the function is discontinuous at the given number a. Sketch
the graph of the function
( )
2
2
1
1
1
1 1
x x
if x
f x a
x
if x

=
= =

Solution
We have



Since then f(x) is

discontinuous at 1
( ) ( )
2
2
1 1 1
1
1 1, lim lim lim
1 1 2
x x x
x x x
f f x
x x

= = = =
+
( ) ( )
1
lim 1
x
f x f

=
When will f(x) is
discontinuous
at a?
2
4

Section 2.5 Exercise 27
Explain, using Theorem 4,5,7, and 9, why the function is continuous at
every number in its domain. State the domain.
( )
( )
4
ln 1 G t t =
Solution
Easy to imply the continuity of the function.
By theorem 7 we have polynomial and logarithmic functions are
continuous at every number in theirs domain. Therefore
are continuous at every number in theirs
domain.
And
By theorem 9 we obtain G(t) is continuous at every number in its
domain.
The domain of G(t) is
( ) ( )
4
1 and ln f t t g u u = =
( ) ( )
G t g f t =
( ) ( )
; 1 1;
2
5

Section 2.5 Exercise 32
Using the continuity to evaluate the limit ( )
limsin sin
x
x x
t
+
Solution
The function sin(x+sinx) is continuous function at every points in its
domain. So ( ) ( )
limsin sin sin sin 0
x
x x
t
t t

+ = + =
2
6

Section 2.5 Exercise 39
Find the numbers at which f is discontinuous. At which of these numbers
is f continuous from the right, from the left, or neither? Sketch the graph
of f
( )
2 0
0 1
2 1
x
x if x
f x e if x
x if x
+ <

= s s

>

Solution
f is continuous at every number x<0, 0<x<1, x>1.
We examine the continuity at 0 and 1
At 0





At 1

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
0 0
is discontinuous at 0
But is continuous from the ri
lim lim 1 0 , lim
gh
lim 2 2
lim lim
t at 0
x
x x x x
x x
f x e f f x x
f x f x f
f
+ +
+


= = = = + =
=
2
7

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
1 1
is discontinuous at 1
But is continuous fro
lim lim 2 1, lim lim 1
lim
m the left at 0
lim
x
x x x x
x x
f x x f x e e f
f x f x f
f
+ +
+


= = = = =
=
Section 2.5 Exercise 39 Cont
The graph of function f:
2
8

Section 2.5 Exercise 41
For what value of the constant c is the function f continuous on
( )
;
( )
2
3
2 2
2
cx x if x
f x
x cx if x
+ <

=

>

Solution
f(x) is continuous at every numbers x<2 and x>2.
We find the value of c satisfies the continuity of f at 2
The condition is:

We have:

Thus, the condition is equivalent to:


Therefore with , the function f(x) is continuous on
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
lim 4 4, lim 8 2 2
x x
f x c f x c f
+

= + = =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
lim lim
x x
f x f x f x
+

= =
2
4 4 8 2
3
c c c + = =
2
3
c =
( )
;
2
9

Section 2.5 Exercise 47
Use the intermediate value Theorem to show that there is a root of the
given equation in the specified interval
( )
4
3 0, 1, 2 x x + =
Solution
Consider function in the interval (1,2). Easy to see f(x)
is the sum of three continuous functions, thus, f(x) is continuous.
We have:


Therefore, by the intermediate value Theorem, we imply that the
function has at least a root in the interval (1,2).

( )
3
3 f x x x = +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1; 2 15 1 2 0 f f f f = = <
( )
0 f x =
The Intermediate
Value Theorem
3
0

Section 2.5 Exercise 61 Hint
Is there a number that is exactly 1 more than its cube?
Consider the equation
3
1 0 x =
3
1

Section 2.6 Exercise 7 Hint
Sketch the graph of an example of a function f that satisfies all of the
given conditions.
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
0 0
lim , lim , lim 0
lim , lim
x x x
x x
f x f x f x
f x f x
+


= = =
= =
3
2

Section 2.6 Exercise 19.25.55
Find the limit
( )
3
2
3 2
5
19.lim 25.lim 9 3
2 4
x x
x x
x x x
x x

+
+
+
Solution

( )
( )
3
3 2
2
2
5 1
19.lim
2 4 2
1
25.lim 9 3 lim
6
9 3
x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x x
x x x

+
=
+
+ = =
+ +
55. Let P and Q be polynomials. Find If the degree of P is
a. Less than the degree of Q
b. Greater than the degree of Q
( )
( )
lim
x
P x
Q x

Solution
a. The limit is equal to 0
b. The limit is equal to
How about if the degrees
of P and Q are equal?
3
3

Section 2.6 Exercise 41
Find the horizontal and vertical asymptotes of each curve. If you
have a graphing device, check your work by graphing the curve
and estimating the asymptotes.
2
2
2 1
2
x x
y
x x
+
=
+
Solution
We have



So the horizontal asymptote of this function is
In other case,




Therefore, the vertical asymptotes of f(x) are and
2
2
2
2
1 1
2
2 1
lim lim 2
1 2
2
1
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x

+
+
= =
+
+
2 y =
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
2
2
1 1
2
2
2 2
1 2 1
2 1
lim lim
2 1 2
1 2 1
2 1
lim lim
2 1 2
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x x x


+
+
= =
+ +
+
+
= =
+ +
1 x = 2 x =
3
4

Section 2.6 Exercise 41 Cont
The graph of and its asymptotes.
2
2
2 1
2
x x
y
x x
+
=
+
3
5

Section 2.6 Exercise 57 Hint
Find if, for all ( )
lim
x
f x

1 x >
( )
10 21 5
2
1
x
x
e x
f x
e
x

< <

10 21 5
lim lim 5
2
1
x
x
x x
e x
e
x

= =

3
6

Section 2.7 Exercise 5.8
Find an equation of the tangent line to
the curve at the given point
( ) ( )
1
5. , 3, 2 7. , 1,1
2
x
y y x
x

= =

Solution
5. The tangent line to the curve at point (3,2) has the slope m,
where



So the equation of the tangent line is:

1
2
x
y
x

( ) ( )
( )( )
3 3 3
1
2
3
3
2
lim lim lim 1
3 3 3 2
x x x
x
f x f
x
x
m
x x x x

= = = =

( )
3 2 5 y x y x = + = +
6. The tangent line to the curve at point (1,1) has the slope m,
where


So the equation of the tangent line is:
y x =
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
lim lim lim
1 1 2
1 1
x x x
f x f
x x
m
x x
x x

= = = =

+
( )
1 1 1
1 1
2 2 2
y x y x = + = +
3
7

Section 2.7 Exercise 9 Hint
a. Find the slope of the tangent to the
curve at the point
where
b. Find the equations of the tangent
lines at the point and
c. Graph the curve and both tangents
an a common screen
2 3
3 4 2 y x x = +
x a =
( )
1,5 ( )
2.3
Similar with ex 5-8
3
8

Section 2.7 Exercise 13
If a ball is thrown into the air with a velocity of , its height (in feet)
after t seconds is given by . Find the velocity when
40 / ft s
2
40 16 y t t = 2 t =
Solution
Using the equation of height, we have ( )
2
40 16 y f t t t = =
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2
40 16 16
2 lim lim
2 2
8 2 1 2
lim 24 /
2
t t
t
f t f
t t
v
t t
t t
ft s
t

= =


= =

The velocity of the ball at time t=2 is

negative, what can you imply about
the motion?
3
9

Section 2.7 Exercise 17 Hint
For the function g whose graph is given,
arrange the following numbers in
increasing order and explain your
reasoning

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 ' 2 ' 0 ' 2 ' 4 g g g g
g(a) is also the slope of
the tangent line to the
curve at point (a, f(a))
Nearly x=-2, x=0, x=2,
x=4, When the function g
increases, decreases?
Thus, which derivatives
of x are positive,
negative?
The trigonometric
function y=tanx is
increase in the domain

, so which
derivative is larger?
;
2 2
t t
| |

|
\ .
H4
H2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
' 0 0 ' 4 ' 2 ' 2 g g g g < < < <
g(a) is instantaneous rate
of change of g(x) with
respect to x when x=a
H1
H3
4
0

Section 2.6 Exercise 18
a. Find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of

b. If the tangent line to y=f(x) at (4,3) passes through the point (0,2), find
f(4) and f(4).
( ) ( ) ( )
5 5 3 ' 5 4 y g x at x if g and g = = = =
Solution
a. g(5)=-3 so the tangent line passes through the point (5,-3). From the
assumption g(5)=4 we imply that the tangent line to y=g(x) at x=5
has slope m=4. Therefore, the equation we need is

b. Since the tangent line to y=f(x) at point (4,3) then it passes through
the point (4,3) and f(4)=3. In other, it passes through (0,2). Therefore,
the slope of this tangent line is


and by the slope intercept form, the equation is


( )
4 5 3 4 23 y x y x = =
( )
3 2 1
' 4
4 0 4
m f

= = =

1
2
4
y x = +
4
1

Section 2.7 Exercise 19 Hint
Sketch the graph of a function f for which
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0, ' 0 3, ' 1 0, ' 2 1 f f f and f = = = =
What can you infer about
function f at the point x=a
if f(a)<0, f(a)>0, f(a)=0
If f(a)>0 then the function f(x) may be
increase nearly x=a
If f(a)<0 then the function f(x) may be
decrease nearly x=a
If f(a)=0 then the function f(x) may be
constant or the rates of change are
different from left side and right side
of x=a
4
2

Section 2.7 Exercise 23
Find f(a)

( )
2 1
3
t
f t
t
+
=
+
Solution

( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
2
5
5 5
2 2
3 3
3 3
' lim lim
5 5
lim
3 3
3
t a t a
t a
t a
t a
t a
f a
t a t a
t a
a

| |

|
+ +
+ +
\ .
= =

= =
+ +
+
( )
2 1 2 6 5 5
2
3 3 3
t t
f t
t t t
+ +
= = =
+ + +
4
3

Section 2.7 Exercise 35 Hint
Each limit represents the derivative of
some function f at some number a.
State such an f and a in each case
( )
0
cos 1
lim
h
h
h
t

+ +
( )
( ) ( )
0
' lim
h
f a h f a
f a
h

+
=
cos 1 t =
( )
cos , f x x a t = =
4
4

Section 2.7 Exercise 38 Hint
A warm can of soda is placed in a cold refrigerator. Sketch the graph of
the temperature of the soda as a function of time. Is the initial rate of
change of temperature greater or less than the rate of change after an
hour?
Solution
4
5

Section 2.7 Exercise 43
The cost (in dollars) of producing x units of a certain commodity is

a. Find the average rate of change of C with respect to x when the
production level is changed


b. Find the instantaneous rate of change of C with respect to x when
x=100 (This is called the marginal cost. Its significance will be
explained in section 3.7)
( )
2
5000 10 0.05 C x x x = + +
) 100 105
) 100 101
i from x to x
ii from x to x
= =
= =
Solution
a.





b. The instantaneous rate of change of C with respect to x when x=100
is C(100) = 2000
( ) ( )
1
1
105 100
101.25
20.25
105 100 5
C C
C
x

A
= = =
A
( ) ( )
2
2
101 100
20.05
20.05
101 100 1
C C
C
x

A
= = =
A
4
6

Section 2.7 Exercise 45 Hint
4
7

Section 2.7 Exercise 47 Hint
Answer
4
8

Section 2.7 Exercise 51
Determine whether exists. ( )
' 0 f
( )
1
sin 0
0 0
x if x
f x
x
if x

Solution

We have

The limit does not exist, therefore the derivative does not exist.
( )
( ) ( )
0 0 0
1
sin
0
1
' 0 lim lim limsin
x x x
x
f x f
x
f
x x x

= = =