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  • Lecture 10 - Seasons and Climate Changes

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    Ain Salleh
    6 vizualizări54 pagini
    Seasons on earth are cause by the change in inclination of its axis towards or away from the sun as a function of its position about the sun. Climate is in a continual state of flux Anthropogenic Change (?) -- Humans as Climate Change agents. What Causes the long, cool periods during which glacial advances occur? What Causes fluctuation of ice sheets during these advances?

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    Seasons on earth are cause by the change in inclination of its axis towards or away from the sun as a function of its position about the sun. Climate is in a continual state of flux Anthropogenic Change (?) -- Humans as Climate Change agents. What Causes the long, cool periods during which glacial advances occur? What Causes fluctuation of ice sheets during these advances?

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    6 vizualizări54 pagini

    Lecture 10 - Seasons and Climate Changes

    Încărcat de

    Ain Salleh
    Seasons on earth are cause by the change in inclination of its axis towards or away from the sun as a function of its position about the sun. Climate is in a continual state of flux Anthropogenic Change (?) -- Humans as Climate Change agents. What Causes the long, cool periods during which glacial advances occur? What Causes fluctuation of ice sheets during these advances?

    Drepturi de autor:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Descărcați ca PPT, PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
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    din 54

    Lecture 10 - Earth

    Seasons Changes to earths climate Monitoring earths climate Greenhouse effect Weather systems and global patterns

    The Seasons

    The seasons on Earth are cause by the change in inclination of its axis towards or away from the sun as a function of its position about the sun. (Earths elliptical orbit varies its distance from the sun by only 2% therefore this is not a significant effect on temperature)

    The Angle of Incident Light during Summer and Winter

    Note the four

    points of significance on the ecliptic: Autumnal equinox, Vernal equinox, Winter solstice, and Summer solstice.

    Changes to Earth Climate

    Climate Change

    Natural Causes -- climate is in a continual


    state of flux

    Anthropogenic Change (?) -- Humans as


    climate change agents

    Proxy Evidence for Recent Climate Change

    Geologic Time
    Pleistocene Ice Age 10-2,500 kyrs BP Holocene Recent time 0-10 kyrs BP

    Proxy Indicators of Past Climate Tree Rings (~10,000 yrs bp)

    Tree Ring Temperature Record

    Oxygen isotope ratios (O16/O18) (~120-150 kyrs BP)

    Temperature Record: From ice cores

    Biospheric Evidence Corals

    Biospheric Evidence Fossil Pollens (~15-25 kyr BP)

    Lake Sedimentation

    Proxy Evidence for Deep Time

    Geologic Evidence Stratigraphy

    Geologic Evidence Fossils

    Fusilinids ~300 Myrs BP

    Geologic Evidence Paleoenvironments

    Hakatai Sandstone

    Hakatai Stromatolite

    Glaciation
    Evidence for major glaciations in Earth history

    Proterozoic: 800-600 Myr BP Ordovician/Silurian: 460-430 Myr


    BP

    Pennsylvanian/Permian: 325-240
    Myr BP

    Neogene/Quaternary: 4 - 0 Myr BP

    Pleistocene Epoch
    Ice Age

    Pleistocene Glacial Advances

    The Ice Age Continues!

    Pleistocene Epoch: 18KY - 2.5MY BP

    Maximum Ice Extent

    The Ice Age

    Pleistocene Conditions

    What Causes an Ice Age?


    Actually two questions
    What causes the long, cool periods during which glacial advances occur? What causes fluctuation of ice sheets during these advances?

    Why were there long, cool periods?

    Question 1

    Continental Position Change

    Crustal Lift/Mountain Building

    Uplift associated with glaciation May have an effect on circulation patterns

    Greenhouse Effect
    Simple Model

    A more accurate model

    Greenhouse Effect

    Global CO2 Changes

    Solar Variability

    Volcanic Activity

    El Chichon (1982)

    Volcanic Activity

    Biospheric Influence
    The Gaia Hypothesis

    What Causes an Ice Age?


    Actually two questions
    What causes the long, cool periods during which glacial advances occur? What causes fluctuation of ice sheets during these advances?

    Pleistocene Glacial Advances

    Milankovitch Cycles
    Eccentricity

    Obliquity

    Precession

    ~100 Kyr Cycle


    Eccentricity 100 ky cycle

    Eccentricity

    ~41 Kyr Cycle

    Obliquity

    Precession of the Equinoxes

    Variations in Insolation
    Due to Milankovitch

    Recent Temperature

    Biospheric Influence
    The Gaia Hypothesis

    Gaia Hypothesis

    James Lovelock

    Lynn Margulies

    Gaia The Earth Mother

    Definition of Gaia
    "The Gaia hypothesis says that the temperature, oxidation state, acidity, and certain aspects of the rocks and waters are kept constant, and that this homeostasis is maintained by active feedback processes operated automatically and unconsciously by the biota." - James Lovelock, The Ages of Gaia

    Gaia as a System
    Solar Radiation

    (-)
    Temp
    Biosphere

    Daisyworld

    Anthropogenic Climate Change

    Small Scale -- Urban Heat Island

    Larger Scale -- Land cover change


    Global Warming/Greenhouse Effect

    Urban Heat Island

    Land Cover Change


    Agriculture

    Land Cover Change and Climate

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