Shock

or hypoperfusion, refers to a state of collapse and failure of the cardiovascular system that leads to inadequate circulation
- it is not a specific disease or injury, it is a dangerous condition that results in the inadequate flow of blood to the bodys cells and failure to get rid of cells metabolic waste

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Causes of Shock
- can result from many different conditions, including respiratory failure, acute allergic reactions and overwhelming infection. - as soon as perfusion stops or become impaired, tissue starts to die, affecting all local body processes

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There are both cardiovascular and noncardiovascular causes of shock. The 3 major cardiovascular causes of shock are as follows: * Poor pump function

* Blood or fluid loss from blood vessels

* Poor vessel function

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Pump Failure
Cardiogenic Shock is caused by inadequate function of the heart.

- develops when the heart muscle can no longer generate enough pressure to circulate the blood to all organs.
- disease or injury can damage this system, causing irregular and uncoordinated beats, beats that are too slow or too fast.

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Content Failure Hypovolemic shock type of shock that results of fluids or blood loss

- it also occurs with severe thermal burns ( plasma the colorless part of the blood)
- dehydration the loss of water from the body tissues, aggravates the condition.

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Poor Vessel Function Neurogenic Shock is usually the result or damage to the spinal cord, particularly at the upper cervical levels.

- may cause significant injury to the part of the nervous system that controls the size and muscular tone of the blood vessels. - these include brain conditions, tumors, pressure on the spinal cord, or spina bifida.

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Combined Vessel and Content Failure
Septic Shock a condition produced by severe bacterial infections, toxins (poison) generated by the bacteria or by infected body tissues. - is a complex problem, 1st, hypovolemia, 2nd, leak out and often collect to the respiratory, 3rd, there is a larger-than-normal vascular bed. - is almost always a complication of some very serious illness, injury or surgery

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There are two causes of shock that do not result from disturbances of the cardiovascular system. * Respiratory insufficiency

*Anaphylactic shock
*Psychogenic shock (fainting)

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Noncardiovascular causes of shock
Respiratory Insufficiency A patient with severe chest injury or obstruction of the airway - an insufficient amount of oxygen in the blood can produce shock as rapidly as vascular causes

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Noncardiovascular causes of shock
Anaphylactic shock or anaphylaxis occurs when a person reacts violently to a substance to which he or she has been sensitized - sensitization means becoming sensitive to a substance that did not initially cause a reaction

- and there is a widespread of vascular dilation

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Noncardiovascular causes of shock
Anaphylactic shock or anaphylaxis have instances that cause severe allergic reactions commonly fall into following 4 categories: * Injections (tetanus antitoxin, penicillin) * Stings (honeybee)

* Ingestion (shellfish, oral penicillin)

* Inhalation (dust, pollen)

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Noncardiovascular causes of shock
Psychogenic shock this patient has had a sudden reaction of the nervous system that produces a temporary, generalized vascular dilation, resulting in fainting

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EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE
1. Begin by following BSI precautions

2. Keep the patient supine, open th airway, and check for breathing and pulse 3. Control all obvious external bleeding

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EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE
4. Splint any bone or joint injuries 5. Give high-flow oxygen, and place blankets under and over the patient

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6. If no fracture suspected, elevate the legs 6 to 12