Day 2 4. Cell Selection Reselection and Signalling

WCDMA Cell Selection Reselection
Deepak Yadav 15-17 January 2007
Company Confidential
1 2005 Nokia V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials
Contents
Cell Search Procedure Cell Selection Criteria Cell Reselection Procedure and Settings WCDMA Signalling
AMR Call Signalling PS Data Call Signalling CS ISHO Signalling PS ISHO Signalling
WCDMA Handovers
Soft/Softer HO Inter Frequency HO Inter System HO
Call Setup Performance

Key parameter settings
Cell reselection triggering time (Treselection = 0s)
Reselection takes place immediately when the UE notices that there is difference between the cells Ec/No values (in worst case scenario there can be up to 3dB + Qhyst difference based on the measurement accuracy requirement)
Cell reselection hysteresis 2 (Qhyst2 = 4dB)

This will add 4dB hysteresis to the neighboring cell evaluation (target for the cell reselection) Note that Qhyst1 is used only in case the cell selection and re-selection quality measure is set to CPICH RSCP (default is CPICH Ec/No so Qhyst 1 is not used in intra-FDD reselection)
S intrasearch (Sintrasearch = 4dB)

This parameter is used by the UE to calculate the threshold (CPICH Ec/No) to start intra frequency (SHO) measurements (Sintrasearch above QqualMin value)
Minimum required quality level in the cell (QqualMin = -20dB)
Cell Reselection problem

Several UEs cannot perform cell reselection during RRC Connection Setup phase CPICH Ec/No CPICH RSCP
UE Sends First RRC Connection Request Message RF Conditions OK and CPICH Ec/No is 10dB RNC responds with RRC Connection Setup message which is not heard by the UE due to CPICH Ec/No falls below 15dB
CPICH Ec/No CPICH RSCP
-10dB -100dB -15dB
Time
Cell A
Cell B
The UE sends all the rest of the RRC Connection Request messages to the old cell, Cell A without changing the serving cell to Cell B (Kenny can perform this reselection and send next RRC Connection Request message to Cell B) and the call setup fails
UE moving from Cell A towards Cell B

The time when the source cell CPICH Ec/No is too low as well as the gap between new and old cell is too large i.e. the UEs that cannot make cell reselection during RRC Connection Setup phase will have failed call attempts

There is big chance that the UEs with limited capability to perform proper cell reselection will have failed call attempts seen as consecutive RRC Connection Request messages sent by the UE (seen from the UE log) but no response from RNC or RRC Connection Setup received but then no actions after RRC Connection Setup Complete message (i.e. RRC Connection Setup Complete message is not heard by the BTS)
CPICH RSCP
Recommended area
CPICH Ec/No
Calls setups very successful Calls setups ok Calls setups difficult Calls setups failures QqualMin = -20dB Company Confidential
QqualMin+Sintrasearch+ Qhyst2= -16dB + 4dB = -12dB QqualMin+Sintrasearch =-20dB + 4dB = -16dB
Time

-Idle Mode Cell Reselection-
Default parameter settings

UE starts the neighboring cell measurements here and it takes some time to perform the reselection

UE hangs in CELL A until QqualMin+Sintrasearch = 16dB threshold is reached. However at this level the RRC Connection Setup is probably not heard by the UE any more or the BTS does not hear the RRC Connection Request
Cell Reselection
Qhyst2= -16dB + 4dB = -12dB

QqualMin+Sintrasearch =-20dB + 4dB = -16dB QqualMin = -20dB
Time
Cell A
Cell B
The time when the source cell CPICH Ec/No is too low as well as the gap between new and old cell is too large i.e. the UEs that cannot make (all except Kenny) make cell reselection during RRC Connection Setup phase will have failed call attempts

-Idle Mode Cell Reselection New set Case 2: Sintrasearch = 12 dB, Treselection = 0 sec and Qhyst2 =4 dB
More time to select and monitor a better cell

UE starts the neighboring cell measurements near earlier than at cell edge
Cell reselection happens here where cell B is about 8 dB and Cell A is about 12 dB

Qhyst2 = -8dB + 4dB = -4dB
Worst case scenario
QqualMin+Sintrasearch =-20dB + 12dB = -8dB
QqualMin = -20dB
Cell A
Cell B
Time
2 second hysteresis give UE especially at LA, RA border to be more stable than ping pong cell reselection. This also reduces signaling and call failure at LA/RA border due to LA/RA update Qqualmin shall not be changed as it will greatly affect cell coverage especailly when traffic is higher because CPICH Ec/No will lower and creating a coverage hole Company Confidential
WCDMA Handovers
Handover Types
Intra-Frequency Handovers
Softer Handover Handover between sectors of the same Node B (handled by BTS) No extra transmissions across Iub interface Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) is occurring in both the UL and DL Soft Handover MS simultaneously connected to multiple cells (from different Node Bs) Extra transmission across Iub, more channel cards are needed (compared to non-SHO) Mobile Evaluated Handover (MEHO) DL/UE: MRC & UL/RNC: Frame selection combining Hard Handover Arises when inter-RNC SHO is not possible (Iur not supported or Iur congestion) Decision procedure is the same as SHO (MEHO and RNC controlled) Causes temporary disconnection of the (RT) user
Inter-Frequency Handover
Can be intra-BS, intra-RNC, inter-RNC Network Evaluated Handover (NEHO) Decision algorithm located in RNC
Inter-RAT Handover
9 2005 Nokia
Handovers between GSM and WCDMA (NEHO)

V1-Filename.ppt / yyyy-mm-dd / Initials
Maximum number of neighbours

The maximum number of neighbours that can be defined in RNC database is
ADJS: 31
31 neighbours + serving cell = 32 cells to measure
ADJI: 32/carrier, total 48 ADJG: 32
SHO: Measurement Averaging

The Handover measurement is based on CPICH Ec/Io The accuracy of pilot Ec/Io measurements is important for Handover performance Measurement accuracy depends on the filtering length and mobile speed.
When a MS moves slowly or is stationary, filtering length (in ms) has to be just long enough to avoid fast fades leading to errors and causing unnecessary Handovers within a short period. Long filtering length will cause Handover delays to fast moving MS
UE can perform averaging on EC/IO measurement prior to the event reporting process EcNoFilterCoefficient (FMCS) defines the filtering period for intra-frequency CPICH EC/IO measurements used by UE (default = 200ms)
Similar filter than in Higher Layer Filtering of common and dedicated BTS measurements
RNC averages CPICH Ec/Io measurements using EcNoAveragingWindow (HOPS)

defines the number of event triggered or periodic intra-frequency measurement reports used by RNC to calculate averaged CPICH EC/IO (default = 8 Measurements) Used for intra-frequency hard handovers
Soft Handover
HC supports the following measurement reporting events and features:
Event 1A: A primary CPICH enters the reporting range (Ncell addition) Event 1B: A primary CPICH leaves the reporting range (Ncell deletion) Event 1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH (Ncell replacement) Cell individual offsets for modifying measurement reporting behaviour Mechanism for forbidding a neighboring cell to affect the reporting range
Handover decision performed by RNC based on measurements and available resources Admission Control can reject the branch addition in case the maximum load is achieved in DL (threshold + offset), valid both for RT and NRT bitrates. Hard blocking may prevent branch addition
SHO_e1a
UE BTS RNC
Handover tresholds fulfilled (MEHO) - Event 1A is triggered
R R C : M e a s u re m e n t R e p o rt
NB AP : Ra dio Lin k A ddition Re que st
NB AP : R a dio Lin k Ad d itio n R e spo ns e
R RC : A ctiv e S e t Up date R equ est
R R C : A ctive Se t U p da te C om p le te
RRC: Measurement Control
1A: A Primary CPICH Enters the Reporting Range

Ec/Io P CPICH 2 ActiveSetWeightingCoefficient Strongest CPICH in AS P CPICH 1
AdditionWindow 1 2
P CPICH 3 time
AdditionTime Measurement Report no To the AS? AdditionReportingInterval 4
RNC
SHO_e1b
UE BTS RNC
H andover t r eshol s f l d( M E O d uf e i H) -E vent 1B t i ger ed s i rg
1B: A Primary CPICH Leaves the Reporting Range
Ec/Io
Strongest CPICH in AS P CPICH 1 P CPICH 2 1 P CPICH 3 2
DropWindow
3 time
DropTime
Measurement Report
Remove the reported cell from the AS
SHO_e1c
UE BTS RNC
Handover tresholds fulfilled (MEHO) - Event 1C is triggered
RRC: Measurement Report
NBAP: Radio Link Addition Request
NBAP:Radio Link Addition Response
RRC: Active Set Update Request
RRC: Active Set Update Complete
NBAP: dio Link Deletion Request Ra
NBAP: Radio Link Deletion Response
1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH

AS has 3 cells Ec/Io P CPICH 1 P CPICH 2 P CPICH 4
1
ReplacementWindow weakest CPICH3 in AS P CPICH 3
time 2 3 ReplacementTimeReplacementReportingInterval no
Measurement Report
AS update? RNC
IFHO/ISHO Process Overview

HO Triggering Thresholds set in RNC Event Triggered Coverage/Capacity based HO fulfilled in RNC RNC commands selected UE(s) to start IF/IS measurements About 25 HO parameters 5 Coverage/Capacity HO Reasons
(31 Intra-Freq neighbours) 48 Inter-Freq neighbours 32 Inter-System neighbours can be measur
Measurements are done in Compressed Mode (CM)

UE reports GSM cells with strongest RSSI signals to RNC RSSI measurements and BSIC verification for GSM cells RNC makes HO decision and commands UE to target cell
Max 32 neighbours could be measured
Reporting cells are active set cells (max 3) + max 6 IFHO, max 6 ISHO neighb
Different decision methods for IF HO Only one decision method for IS HO
IF/IS Handover Measurement Triggering Reasons

1. Low measured absolute CPICH Ec/No, event 1E/1F FMCI: IFHOcauseCPICHEcNo FMCG: GSMcauseCPICHEcNo 2 . Low measured absolute CPICH RSCP, events 1E/1F FMCI: IFHOcauseCPICHrscp, FMCG: GSMcauseCPICHrscp
3. UE Tx power approaches its maximum allowed power, event 6A/6D FMCI: IFHOcauseTxPwrUL FMCG: GSMcauseTxPwrUL
Measurement Trigger
4. DL DPCH approaches its maximum allowed power FMCI: IFHOcauseTxPwrDL FMCG: GSMcauseTxPwrDL
5. Quality deterioration report from UL outer loop PC FMCI: IFHOcauseUplinkQuality FMCG: GSMcauseUplinkQuality
6 . Others - Load and Service based HO - IMSI based HO - Emergency ISHO
Frequency Measuring Control for Inter-Frequency = FMCI Frequency Measuring Control for Inter-System (GSM) = FMCG
1. Measurement trigger CPICH Ec/No

RNC starts IF/IS measurement when event 1F occurs for all cells in the active set: A Primary CPICH becomes less than an absolute threshold RNC stops IF/IS measurement when event 1E occurs for at least one cell of the active set : A Primary CPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold Note:IF/IS measurements can be stopped if event 1Fs are cancelled by events 1E only when IFHO/ISHO was not successful and only inside the time between CM measurements, specified by the time InterFreqMinMeasInterval GsmMinMeasInterval/default 10s, recommendation 2s .
Filtering applied before event evaluation in the UE:

FMCS: EcNoFilterCoefficient/0= 200ms filtering period
1. Measurement trigger CPICH Ec/No

e.g. P-CPICH Ec/No Reporting event: 1E: A P-CPICH exceeds an absolute threshold 1F: A P-CPICH falls below an absolute threshold (HO triggered if all) Cell 1 Cell 2
Cell 3 1E: HHoEcNoCancel
absolute threshold
1F: HHoEcNoThreshold
1E: HHoEcNoCancelTime
time 1F: HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis
ISHO 3G -> 2G - AMR Signalling Flow

UE
Node B
RNC
RRC: Measurement Control ISHO triggering (3 reasons are possible) Initial Compressed Mode Configuration
CN
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare

Ready NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit RRC: Physical Channel Reconfiguration NBAP: Compressed Mode Command RRC: Measurement Control NBAP: Compressed Mode Command RRC: Measurement RRC: Measurement Report Control
RRC: Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete
GSM RSSI Measureme nt GSM BSIC Identification RANAP: Relocation Required
RRC: Handover from UTRAN Command
RANAP: Relocation Command RANAP: IU Release Command RANAP: IU Release Complete
BSIC verification always performed for AMR calls no interrupt in voice call
ISHO 3G -> 2G - PS Signalling Flow

U E
Node B
RNC
RRC: Measurement Control ISHO triggering (5 reasons are possible)
CN
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready
NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit RRC: Physical Channel Reconfiguration RRC: Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete NBAP: Compressed Mode Command RRC: Measurement Control RRC: Measurement Report RRC: Cell Change Order from UTRAN RANAP: SRNS Context Request GSM RSSI Measurement Initial Compressed Mode Configuration
RANAP: SRNS Context Response

RANAP: SRNS Data Forward Command RANAP: IU Release Command RANAP: IU Release Complete
In most cases BSIC verification is not required (data interrupt as UE moves to 2G)
PS makes use of RRC: CELL CHANGE ORDER FROM UTRAN message


Day 2 4. Cell Selection Reselection and Signalling

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Day 2 4. Cell Selection Reselection and Signalling

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WCDMA Cell Selection Reselection

Deepak Yadav 15-17 January 2007

Call Setup Performance

Cell reselection hysteresis 2 (Qhyst2 = 4dB)

S intrasearch (Sintrasearch = 4dB)

Minimum required quality level in the cell (QqualMin = -20dB)

Cell Reselection problem

CPICH Ec/No CPICH RSCP

-10dB -100dB -15dB

UE moving from Cell A towards Cell B

Call Setup Performance

QqualMin+Sintrasearch+ Qhyst2= -16dB + 4dB = -12dB QqualMin+Sintrasearch =-20dB + 4dB = -16dB

Call Setup Performance

Default parameter settings

CPICH Ec/No CPICH RSCP

CPICH Ec/No CPICH RSCP

Qhyst2= -16dB + 4dB = -12dB

Call Setup Performance

More time to select and monitor a better cell

CPICH Ec/No CPICH RSCP

CPICH Ec/No CPICH RSCP

QqualMin+Sintrasearch =-20dB + 12dB = -8dB

Handovers between GSM and WCDMA (NEHO)

Maximum number of neighbours

ADJI: 32/carrier, total 48 ADJG: 32

SHO: Measurement Averaging

RNC averages CPICH Ec/Io measurements using EcNoAveragingWindow (HOPS)

Handover tresholds fulfilled (MEHO) - Event 1A is triggered

NB AP : Ra dio Lin k A ddition Re que st

NB AP : R a dio Lin k Ad d itio n R e spo ns e

R RC : A ctiv e S e t Up date R equ est

RRC: Measurement Control

1A: A Primary CPICH Enters the Reporting Range

AdditionTime Measurement Report no To the AS? AdditionReportingInterval 4

H andover t r eshol s f l d( M E O d uf e i H) -E vent 1B t i ger ed s i rg

RRC: Measurement Control

1B: A Primary CPICH Leaves the Reporting Range

Strongest CPICH in AS P CPICH 1 P CPICH 2 1 P CPICH 3 2

Remove the reported cell from the AS

Handover tresholds fulfilled (MEHO) - Event 1C is triggered

RRC: Measurement Report

NBAP: Radio Link Addition Request

NBAP:Radio Link Addition Response

RRC: Active Set Update Request

RRC: Active Set Update Complete

NBAP: dio Link Deletion Request Ra

NBAP: Radio Link Deletion Response

RRC: Measurement Control

1C: A non-active CPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH

IFHO/ISHO Process Overview

(31 Intra-Freq neighbours) 48 Inter-Freq neighbours 32 Inter-System neighbours can be measur

Measurements are done in Compressed Mode (CM)

Max 32 neighbours could be measured

IF/IS Handover Measurement Triggering Reasons

6 . Others - Load and Service based HO - IMSI based HO - Emergency ISHO

1. Measurement trigger CPICH Ec/No

Filtering applied before event evaluation in the UE:

1. Measurement trigger CPICH Ec/No

Cell 3 1E: HHoEcNoCancel

time 1F: HHoEcNoTimeHysteresis

ISHO 3G -> 2G - AMR Signalling Flow

NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration NBAP: Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare

RRC: Physical Channel Reconfiguration Complete

RRC: Measurement Report