ASSESSMENT & EVALUATION

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

It is the most widely used and useful type of objective test item. In addition to measuring simple learning outcomes, it can measure a variety of more complex outcomes in the knowledge understanding and application areas.

DIRECTION FOR PREPARATION OF MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS

Have enough content in the stem with less distractor but avoid lengthy stem. Use positive statement in the stem. Stem consists of complete statement, not just a single word. The stem of one should not suggest correct answer. Eliminate all unrelated details from an item.

CONT.
Avoid the use of clues that may suggest correct answer. Be cautious of the use of NONE OF ABOVE as a distractor or as a correct answer. When dealing with items that have numerical answers, arrange them in order from large to small or vice-versa.

ADVANTAGES
Ensue objectivity, reliability, and validity. Provides constructive criticism. Provides precise and unambiguous measurement of the higher intellectual processes. Provide detailed feedback for both students and teachers. Easy and rapid to score.

LIMITATIONS OF MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS

Difficult to construct. Requires more skills and more time to prepare. Tendency for teachers to write multiple choice items demanding only factual recall. Not well adapted for measuring the ability to organize and present ideas. Require more space per item.

DISADVANTAGES
Writing good items with plausible distracters can be very time consuming for the instructor. This item type takes more time for the student to read and understand. These items may discriminate the creative, verbal student. It is difficult to write multiple choice items at the synthesis and evaluation level.

ASSESSMENT OF SKILLS
1. OBSERVATION 2. CHECKLIST 3. PRACTICAL EXAM 4. ORAL EXAMINATIONS

CHECKLIST
It is basically a method of recording whether a characteristic is present or absent or whether an action had or had not taken place. Thus it provides a simple yes-no judgement. Checklist are useful in evaluating performance skills that can be divided into a series of specific actions. 1. Identify each of the specific actions desired in the performance.

CONT..
2. Add to the list those actions that represent common errors. 3. Arrange the desired action in the approximate order in which they are expected to occur. 4. Provide a simple procedure for checking each action as it occurs.

PRACTICAL EXAM
Practical examinations are integral part of nursing examinations.The aim of practical examination is to evaluate the nursing competence or practical skills. Practical examination is essentially a combination of test methods like rating scale, check list etc. The students proceed through a series of steps and under take a variety of practical tasks like assessing the patient, formulating nursing diagnosis

ORAL EXAMINATIONS
Oral examination is a face-face question answer activity between the examiner and the examinee. TYPES OF ORAL EXAMINATION: 1. Interview 2. Viva-voice 3. Quiz contest 4. panel discussions

ADVANTAGES
It helps a teacher to know whether a student knows. It helps a teacher to make evaluation continuous. It permits free response by students. The relative informality of the oral test is far less frightening to the student. It saves a lot of expense involved in written tests or examinations.

DISADVANTAGES
1. It is very costly or expensively and timeconsuming. 2. It does not test a student extensively. 3. It does not provide a complete picture of the ability of a student.

CONT.
Lot of pressure may be put on the examiner to award more marks. Several influences may work to lower the validity of the oral examination. It cannot have a permanent objective record of students. Oral exams provide for a very limited sampling of the content of a course.

ASSESSMENT OF ATTITUDES
Attitude scales are used for measuring the social attitudes. Questionnaire is prepared by the items in the questionnaire are the attitudes of an individual towards a matter thing, and object or system and score will be allotted for each item. We will ask the individual to express his responses, he is assigned a score which indicates the position.

CONT.
Some relevant and indirect statements will be used to reveal the attitude. The scale also specifies the crucial shades of opinions.

TYPES OF ATTITUDE SCALE

1.POINT SCALE: METHOD-1 Select the words which will give the opinion. The respondent is to cross out every word. One point is given to each agreement or disagreement whichever is to be chosen.

CONT.
METHOD-2 Two types of words indicating both favourable and unfavourable opinion are given. The unfavourable items may be crossed and favourable items may be left unscored.

DIFFERENCIAL SCALE(LL THURSTONE SCALE)

These scales are used to measure the social phenomenon. The researcher will collect varied number of statements related to attitudes. Judges will determine the positions on the scale. The position is determined by the method of equal appearing intervals. Judges will work independently to classify these statements in to 2groups.

SUMMATED SCALE
To measure the social attitude likert type scale is used. It uses only the definitely favourable and unfavourable statements. It includes intermediate opinions. It consists of a series of statements to which the respondent is to react.