Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
CI Stroke IC IVS
Hipertensiune
Boli renale Arteriopatii periferice
Morbiditate
Disabilitati
National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:186-208.
Scadere procentuala
AVC
IM IC
3540%
2025% 50%
Clasificarea HTA
HTA Normal Pre HTA
HTA std. I
HTA std. II
>160
sau
>100
Sistem renal
corticosuprarenala Aldosteron stimuleaza retinerea renala de Na+ cresterea Na+ stimuleaza hipofiza posterioara ADH creste reabsorbtia de apa
Secondary hypertension:
A) Systolic hypertension with wide pulse pressure: Aortic regurgitation Thyrotoxicosis Patent ductus arteriosus B) Systolic and diastolic hypertension with increased PVR
1. Renal Glomerulonefritis (acute or chronic) Pyelonefritis Polycystic kidneys Renal artery stenosis Polycystic kidneys
2. Endocrine Cushings syndrome (excessive glucocorticoids) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Conns syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism) faeochromocytoma Hypothyroidism Acromegaly 3. Neurogenic Raised intracranial pressure Psychological ("white coat hypertension") Acute porfyria Lead poisoning 4. Miscellaneous Coarctation of the aorta Polyarteritis Nodosa Hypercalcaemia Increased intravascular volume (PRV)
Consumul de alcool
Fumatul Diabetul zaharat Hiperlipemia
HTA Diagnostic
Anamneza + examinare clinica Functia Renala
Creatinina serica & Urinara, Clearance-ul Creatininei
Encefalopatia hipertensiva:
cefalee, confuzie, stupoare, seizures, tulburari de vedere
TA tehnici de masurare
Metode In cabinet Descriere
Doua citiri, la 5 minute cu pacientul pe scaun, la ambele brate Scaderea cu 1020% in timpul somnului risc cardiovascular.
Indica raspunsul la terapie.
Teste de Laborator
Teste de rutina ECG Sumar urina Glicemie, hematocrit Potasiu seric, cretinina serica , calcemie profil lipidic , HDL, LDL, TG
HTA si HVS
HVS preexistenta sau secundara HTA reprezinta un factor major de risc pentru boala cronica a inimii. Diminuarea HVS poate aparea odata cu tratarea HTA: scadere poderala, restrictie sodata, medicamente antihipertensive . hydralazine and minoxidil.
HTA la varstnici
Frecventa crescuta. Risc de complicatii . Necesita obligatoriu tratament medicamentos.
Inadequate diuretic therapy Medicatie doze inadecvate interactiuni medicamentoase (contraceptive) Exces de alcool Cauze nedeterminate ale HTA
Fiziopatologia HTA
hipersimpaticotonie
Vasoconstrctie anormala Cresterea rezistentei i cresterea intoarcerii venoase Debit cardiac crescut vasculare Hiperreninemie Anomalii ale metabolismului Na/apa
Courtesy of JL Izzo Jr, MD.
Bradikinina
Inhibitori ACE
Angiotensina I Angiotensina II
Peptide inactive
AIIRAs
AT1 receptor
hipertrofie
Fibroza interstitiala Artere coronare Disfunctie endoteliala cu scaderea eliberarii de NO Vasoconstrictie coronariana prin norepinefrina Eliberarea de specii reactive de oxigen via NADH (nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid) oxidaza
Adapted from Opie and Gersh. Drugs for the Heart, 2001.
suprarenala
Creste sinteza de aldosteron
Echilibrul coagularii
Creste fiobrinogenul creste PAI-1 (inhibitorul activatorului tisular al plasminogenului)
Adapted from Opie and Gersh. Drugs for the Heart, 2001.
NO
Vasodilatatori endogeni
Vasoconstrictori endogeni
PGI2
CAMs
NO
Vasodilatotori endogeni
(-)
PGI2
Cresterea
TxA2
suprasolicitarea controlului tonusului vascular activeaza cascada coagularii pierderea activitatii endoteliale impreuna cu activarea coagularii poate declansa CID
Stressul endotelial
Proportional to the product of blood viscosity () and spatial gradient of blood velocity at the wall (dv/dy).
Gene Expression
Maximum activation Activation
Activation
Basal activity C-fos mRNA 0 60 120 180 240 MCP-1 mRNA min
30
60
Disfunctie endoteliala
Injurie vasculara
Tromboza Activare neuroumorala
Eliberare de vasoconstrictori
TA
Natriureza
Disfunctie endoteliuala
Depletie volemica
Activarea SRAA
2. TA nu poate fi vindecata.
3. TA nu ameninta viata.
Fals- HTA este un factor major patogenic in bolile cardiace, renale si cerebrale
Adevarat
Adevarat
10. HTA poate duce la atacuri ischemice cardiace, cerebrale si boli renale.
Adevarat
Adevarat
15. TA reprezinta masurarea fortei presionale in vase in timpul contractiei cardiace si dupa.
Adevarat
19. TA se masoara cu
Tensiometrul
Sistolica
Diastolica
Odata pe an
INSUFICIENTA CARDIACA