REDUCTION IN INDUCTION MOTOR HEATING FED BY HIPWM-FMTC TECHNIQUE

At present, inverters are commonly used to control the speed of induction motors. Inverters are in charge of regulating the voltage fed to induction motors both in terms of amplitude and frequency, following a specific control strategy in each case. The output voltage can be controlled in different ways. The most common method consists of controlling the pulse width applied to the electronic switches, whether these are MOSFETs, IGBTs, GTOs etc.
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The wave frequency spectrum obtained at the output of inverter contains many harmonics. These harmonics increase losses and cause heat problems in the machine, resulting in wear of the insulation covering the conductors and reducing the systems performance. Another adverse effect is that magnetic fields are produced in the yoke, some of which rotate in the same direction as and others in the opposite direction to the main field, causing par fluctuations, vibration and noise.
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As the name suggest pulse width modulation is

noting but variation in pulse width according to

the change in amplitude of the reference signal used for modulation. Modulator wave carrier wave

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modulated wave

Telecommunications
In telecommunication the widths of the pulses correspond to specific data values encoded at one end and decoded at the other.

Power delivery
PWM can be used to control the amount of power delivered to a load without incurring the losses that would result from linear power delivery by resistive means.

Voltage regulation
PWM is also used in efficient voltage regulators. By switching voltage to the load with the appropriate duty cycle, the output will approximate a voltage at the desired level

The output voltage control with this method can be obtained without any additional components. With the method, lower order harmonics can be eliminated or minimized along with its output voltage control. As higher order harmonics can be filtered easily, the filtering requirements are minimized.
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There are various techniques to vary the inverter gain. The most efficient method of controlling the gain (and output voltage) is to incorporate pulse width modulation (PWM) control within the inverters. The commonly used techniques are Single Pulse width Modulation Multiple Pulse width Modulation Sinusoidal Pulse width Modulation Harmonic injected Pulse width Modulation Harmonic injected Pulse width Modulation and Frequency modulated triangular carrier
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In the single pulse-width modulation technique the triangular carrier signal is compared with the rectangular reference signal to generate the positive and negative pulses required for inverter output voltage. In single pulse width modulation control, there is only one pulse per half cycle and the width of the pulse is varied to control the inverter output voltage.

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In sinusoidal pulse width modulation there are multiple pulses per half-cycle and the width of the each pulse is varied with respect to the sine wave magnitude. The frequency of reference signal determines the inverter output frequency. Fig shows the gating signals and output voltage of SPWM with unipolar switching. In this scheme, the switches in the two legs of the full-bridge inverter are not switched simultaneously.
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In harmonic pulse width modulation the modulating signal is generated by injecting selected harmonics to the sine wave. This results in flat topped waveform and reduces the amount of over modulation. It provides a higher fundamental amplitude and low distortion of output voltage. As each arm is switched off for a longer duration the heating of the switching device is reduced.
modulator wave carrier wave

Modulated wave
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This technique uses an identical modulator to the one used with the HIPWM technique, and an instantaneous frequency triangular signal, i, as the carrier i = c Kf(sin(t))^2 Where wc is a given central frequency around which i varies, and kf a modulation constant.
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Modulator wave

carrier

wave

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Modulated wave

Table at 50% of nominal power PWM

Table at 25% nominal power

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Graph of temperatures measured in the AC-motor stator in the test performed With 50% charge

Graph of temperatures measured in the AC-motor stator in the test performed With 25% charge
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When AC Loads are fed by inverters, its essential that output voltage of the inverters is so controlled as to fulfill the requirements of AC loads. This involves coping with the variation of DC input voltage, for voltage regulation of inverters and for the constant volts/frequency control requirement. From the above discussion it is clear that the most efficient method of controlling the gain (and output voltage) is to incorporate pulse-width modulation (PWM) control within the inverters. Among all the PWM Techniques It is clear from the tables and the graphs that the temperature is lower with the HIPWM-FMTC technique. The technique designed by Frequency Modulating the carrier has a clear advantage over the other traditional PWM techniques in terms of heating the motor. This is due to the lower content of harmonics.

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