Chapter 18: Electromagnetic Spectrum & Light

18.1: Electromagnetic Waves

Question: What do x-ray machines, microwave ovens, and heat lamps have in common with police radar, TV, and radiation therapy???

Electromagnetic Waves
Answer: They all use WAVES to transport energy from one location to another!!!

Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic Waves- (EM) transverse waves consisting of changing electric fields and changing magnetic fields

Electromagnetic Waves
Can carry energy from one place to another Produced by constantly changing fields Magnetic and electric fields travel at right angles to each other

EM Waves
Electromagnetic waves are produced when an electric charge vibrates or accelerates. As fields regenerate, their energy travels in the form of a wave. Unlike mechanical waves, EM waves do not need a medium to travel through!
EM waves can travel through a vacuum (or empty space) or matter.

EM Radiation
Electromagnetic Radiation- the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves traveling through matter or across space.

THE SPEED OF EM WAVES

Question: Why do you see lightning before you hear thunder?

Speed of EM Waves
Answer: Because light travels faster than sound!
But how much faster is light???

How long would it take you to drive from San Francisco to New York?

Speed of Light Analogy

Scientists have discovered that light and all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed when in a vacuum 3 x 108 m/s! Consider driving non-stop at 60 mph from NYC to San Francisco.
This trip would take you ~50 hours Light travels this distance in less than 0.02 second!!!

Speed of EM Wave
Speed of EM wave = wavelength x frequency
Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency As the wavelength increases, the frequency decreases

Differences between EM Waves

Even though all EM waves travel at the same speed, it does not mean they are all the same!
EM waves vary in wavelength and frequency

Section 1 Assessment Activities

Math Skills p. 535 1-3 Section 18.1 Assessment Questions 1-10 p. 538 Handout on Frequency, wavelength, and speed problems

18-2: The EM Spectrum

Prism Experiment
In 1800, William Herschel used a prism to separate the wavelengths present in sunlight. He produced a band of color: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.

EM Spectrum
The full range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation is called the electromagnetic spectrum Which includes the following parts:
radio waves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays.

EM Spectrum
Each kind of wave is characterized by a range of wavelengths and frequencies.

Radio Waves
Radio waves have the longest wavelengths in the EM spectrum, from 1mm to 1000s of km. They also have the lowest frequencies, 300,000 mHz or less.
used in radio, TV, microwaves, and radar

Radio Waves
In a radio studio, music and voices are changed into electronic signals that are carried by radio waves. AM radio stations broadcast by amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the wave is varied FM radio stations broadcast by frequency modulation, the frequency of the wave is varied A station is lost when its signal becomes too weak to detect, an FM station is more likely to be lost because FM signals do not travel as far

Difference between AM & FM

More Applications of Radio Waves

Radio Waves also include the application of:

Television
Radio waves also carry signals for TV, including the information for pictures

Microwaves Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging)

Short bursts of radio waves that reflect off objects they encounter and bounce back, being detected by a radio receiver

Infrared Radiation
Infrared waves have higher frequencies than radio and wavelengths that vary from about 1mm to 750nm
Used as a source of heat and to discover areas of heat differences Invisible to our eye Warmer objects give off more infrared than cooler, a device called a thermograph create thermograms (colorcoded picture) that show temperature variation Thermograms can be used to find places where a building loses heat, search and rescue teams use infrared cameras to locate victims

Infrared Radiation

Visible Light
The visible part of the EM spectrum is light the human eye can see.
Each color of the visible spectrum corresponds to a specific frequency and wavelength (ROYGBIV)

Ultraviolet (UV) Rays

The wavelengths of ultraviolet rays very from 400nm to about 4nm, and higher frequencies than violet light.
In moderation, UV rays help your skin produce vitamin D Excessive exposure can cause sunburn, wrinkles, and skin cancer Used to kill microorganisms Plant nurseries use UV to help plants to grow during winter

UV Radiation

X-Rays

X-rays have very short wavelengths from about 12nm to 0.005nm , and have higher frequencies than UV
Have high energy and can penetrate matter that light cannot Used in medicine (pictures of bones), industry (test sealed lids), and transportation (contents of truck trailers)

Gamma Rays
Gamma rays have the shortest wavelengths about 0.005nm or less, and have the highest frequencies and therefore the most energy and the greatest penetrating ability
Used in the medical field to kill cancer cells, in brain scans, and in industrial situations such as inspecting pipelines for sign of damage Overexposure can be deadly

Gamma Rays & Radiotherapy

The normal cells receive a lower dose of gamma radiation than the cancer cells, where all the rays meet. Radiotherapy aims to kill the cancer cells while doing as little damage as possible to healthy normal cells.

Section 2 Assessment Activities

Data Analysis: How Long Does an Antenna Need to Be? P. 542 Quick Lab Evaluating Sunscreen p. 544 Section 18.2 Assessment Questions 1-7 and Writing in Science p. 545

18.3 Behavior of Light

Question to Ponder
What would you see if you were snorkeling in warm ocean waters over a coral reef? You might see fish of bright colors, clown fish, sea stars, etc. Why can you see these animals SO CLEARLY??? Why can you see the reef through the water but not through the bottom of the boat that brought you to the reef???

Light & Materials

Without light, nothing is visible!
When you look at the reef animals, what you are really seeing is LIGHT You can see the reef through the water, because LIGHT passes through the water between the reef and your eyes. You cant see the reef through the bottom of the boat because LIGHT doesnt pass through the boat!

Behavior of Light
How light behaves when it strikes an object depends on many factorsincluding the material it is made of. Materials can be:
Transparent Translucent Opaque

Transparent
Transparent: material through which you can see clearly, transmits light
Most light is able to pass through Examples: water, windows

Translucent
Translucent: you can see through the material, but the objects you see through it does not look clear or distinct.
Scatters Light Examples: some types of jello, certain bars of soap, frosty windows

Examples of Translucent

Opaque
Opaque: material either absorbs or reflects all of the light that strikes it.
NO light is able to pass through Examples: fruit, wooden table, metal desk

Interactions of Light
When light encounters matter, some or all of the energy in the light can be transferred to the matter. And just as light can affect matter, matter can affect light. When light strikes a new medium, the light can be:
Reflected Absorbed Transmitted

Reflection
When you look in a mirror, you see a clear image of yourself.
An image is a copy of an object formed by reflected (or refracted) waves of light.

Two types of reflection:

Regular Reflection Diffuse Reflection

Regular Reflection
Regular Reflection: occurs when parallel light waves strike a surface and reflect all in the same direction
Occurs when light hits a smooth, polished surface Mirrors or surface of a still body of water (page 547, figure 18)

Diffuse Reflection
Diffuse Reflection: occurs when parallel light waves strike a rough, uneven surface, and reflect in many different directions
Paper has a rough surface, (page 547, figure 18) Rough surfaces causes diffuse reflection of the light that shines on it

When Light is TRANSMITTED

Reflection occurs because there is no transmission of light (light is not able to pass through to the new material) However, when light is transmitted different things can happen. Light can be:
Refracted Polarized Scattered

Refraction
Refraction: ability of light to refract, or bend when it passes at an angle from one medium into another. Two easily observable examples that occur when light travels from air into water:
Underwater objects appear closer and larger than they really are Can make an object such as a skewer (or pencil) appear to break at the surface of the water (page 548, figure 19)

Refraction

Refraction Can Create a Mirage

Refraction can sometimes cause a mirage. Mirage: a false or distorted image. Mirages occur because light travels faster in hot air than in cooler, dense air On a sunny day, air tends to be hotter just above the surface of a road than higher up Mirages also form this way above the hot sand in deserts

Examples of Mirages

What is Polarization?

Polarization
Light is an EM Wave EM waves vibrate in TWO planes Light waves that vibrate in only one plane is called polarized light.
Polarizing filters transmit light waves that vibrate in only one direction or plane (page 548, figure 20) Unpolarized light vibrates in ALL directions

Polarization

Scattering
Earths atmosphere contains many molecules and other tiny particles. These particles can scatter light. Scattering: light is redirected as it passes through a medium (page 549, figure 21)

Scattering explains a red/pink sunset!

Scattering effect reddens the sun at sunset and sunrise
Small particles in the atmosphere scatter shorterwavelength (blue light) more than light of longer wavelengths By the time the sunlight reaches your eyes, most of the blue and even some of the green and yellow have been scattered Most of what remains for your eyes to detect are the longer wavelengths of light, orange and red

Scattering of Light by Atmosphere

Section 3 Assessment Activities

Do why is the Sky Blue Activity Do Build Science Skills p. 548 using polarizing filters Section 18.3 1-7 p. 549

18.4 Color

 How does a prism separate white light into a rainbow? Light enters a new medium (the prism) and is bent. The shorter wavelengths (blue) refract more than the longer wavelengths and the colors separate. Draw a picture of how the light would look leaving a prism. (Color code it)

 Describe how a rainbow forms. Water droplets in the air act like tiny prisms and separate the white light Explain what the color of an object depends on. The color of any object depends on what the object is made of and on the color of light that strikes the object

 What are the primary colors of light? Red, green, blue What are the secondary colors of light? Yellow, magenta, cyan What are complementary colors of light? Any two colors of light that combine to form white light. (one primary color and one secondary color of light)

 Give examples of two sets of complementary colors of light.

1. Magenta + green 2. yellow + blue

What are the primary colors of pigment? Cyan, magenta, yellow What are the secondary colors of pigment? Red, green, blue

 What are complementary colors of pigments? Any two colors that combine to make black (secondary color + primary color) Give examples of two sets of complementary colors of pigments. 1. Green + magenta 2. red + cyan

18.5: Sources of Light

 Incandescent Light: When electrons flow through the filament of an incandescent light bulb, the filament gets hot and emits light. Common light bulbs. mercury atoms to emit ultraviolet rays. These rays cause the phosphor coating to emit light.

 Fluorescent Light: Emit light by causing a phosphor (usually zinc sulfide) to steadily emit photons. Electrodes in a fluorescent bulb emit electrons that cause the mercury atoms to emit ultraviolet rays. These rays cause the phosphor coating to emit light.

 Neon Light: Light is emitted when electrons move through a gas or a mixture of gases inside the tube. Advertising signs

 Laser Light: Coherent lights in which waves have the same wavelength, and the crests and troughs are lined up. This beam doesnt spread out significantly from its source, so it has a relatively constant intensity allowing the energy it carries to be focused on a small area. Read bar codes, surgeries, DVD players

Sodium Vapor Light

As electric current passes through a sodiumvapor bulb, it ionizes the gas mixture. The mixture warms up and the heat causes the sodium to change from a solid into a gas. These are used to light streets and parking lots.

Tungsten-Halogen Light
Inside a tungsten-halogen bulb, electrons flow through a tungsten filament. The filament gets hot and emits light.

Section 5 Assessment Activities

Section 5 Assessment Questions 1-5 p. 562 Exploration Lab: Mixing colors p. 563