By, ANSA TOM Roll no: 2

Multiplexing allows multiple users to share the bandwidth of transmission medium

Existing systems: TDM, FDM, CDM

Goals of multiplexing tech.

high speed & at lowest cost

to support as many users at as

Shannon's Law states that highest obtainable error-free data

speed, is a function of the bandwidth & signal-to-noise ratio

New multiplexing & demultiplexing tech. based on duty cycle division is - DCDM
Applied in both electrical & optical domains Takes adv. of both TDM & FDM DCDM - based on RZ duty cycles Used to achieve performance as close as possible to Shannon's limit Can be implemented in wireless & wireline communication systems for any types of carriers - RF, Microwave & optical.

Allows signal demultiplexing to be performed economically in electrical domain. Using ON-Off-Keying (OOK) modulation format, the capacity of 30 Gb/s per channel is achieved by using 10 Gb/s transmitter &receiver

DCDM - based on having each channel modulated with a unique RZ duty-cycle Single light source is splitted & modulated by data from different channels using On-Off keying (OOK) modulation. NRZ format signal is then modulated to RZ format using RZ modulators.

1st channel is modulated with duty cycle of T1 2nd user - T2= 2T1 3rd user = T3= 3T1 and so on All channels are synchronized & transmitted at same timeslot but within specified duty cycle. Resulting bitstream - multilevel signal, formed superposition of signals from different channels. by

Each time slot is divided into a number of sub-slots one more count than number of channels. Sub-slot duration follows the duty cycle used (T1). Provided that channels are synchronized at timeslot beginning of

All channels may have signal components within 1st sub-slot, resulting a max. possible no. of levels in 1st slot given by M=K+1 K is the number of channels. For 2nd sub-slot, all channels may have signal components except for 1st channel which is assigned shortest duty cycle

Hence, gives a max. possible no. of levels of M-1.

For 3rd slot all channels may have signal components except 1st & 2nd channel & so on.

Within each time slot, if ith channel sends logic "1" the level at (i+l)th sub-slot is always one level lower than ith sub-slot. Demultiplexer compares amplitude levels at each ith subslot with (i+l)th sub-slot within each time slot. If level at ith sub-slot is higher, then ith channel sent "1" if level is equal to (i+l)th ith channel sent "0"

3 users, each with 10 Gb/s On-Off-Keying (OOK) modulation format were separately modulating a wavelength carrier from a single light source. For every user, RZ format is produced by using RZ modulator that is located after NRZ modulator NRZ modulator is to represent the original data format.

O/p of RZ modulators for User 1, User 2 & User 3 is fixed to a dutycycle of 25%, 50% & 75% resp

All users' data are multiplexed by power combiner (optical directional coupler)

At receiver , optical signal is detected by photodiode & passed through a clock recovery circuit Then it is split into 4 branches, leading to 4 different sampling circuits All sampling circuits are synchronized based on recovered clock. 1st sampling circuit samples at 2nd at ts2= 3T/8, 3rd at ts3= 5T/8 4th at ts4= 7T/8, T - bit period (100 ps).
ts1

= T/8,

Speed of all sampling circuits is equal to single user's rate.

O/p of 1st sampling circuit, Al is delayed by T/4 O/p of 2nd sampling circuit, A2 is not
Only a part of A2 is delayed for subtraction process with A3. Both signals were i/p into subtractor that produced a signal of Ao = Al - A2.

Theoretically, Al=A2, -- o/p is zero A1A2,-- Ao=A,

A is a value higher than zero.

Subtractor o/p signal is passed through a decision circuit that reproduces transmitted bits. Threshold voltage, Vth is in range of A/6 to A/4. Recovery circuit following operations are performed. If Ao > Vth, o/p is one If Ao < Vth, o/p is zero

30GbpsTDM v/s DCDM

Considering single channel, rxr sensitivity of DCDM is only 1.5dB worst than other Considering larger amount of data (-3 times) this penalty is acceptable. Compared with 30 Gb/s OOK TDM, DCDM shows better sensitivity in the order of 0.5 dB.

Noise Figure (NF) - 4 dB Gain - 14 dB No. of amplifier span tested is from 1 to 7 B/w 2 amplifiers, optical attenuator is located to represent span loss 30Gb/s multiuser OOK with DCDM system has better tolerance to amplifier noise than 30 Gb/s single user OOK system.

DCDM implementation on On-Off-Keying (OOK) modulation is discussed. All findings support, argument that DCDM can become an alternative multiplexing technique in optical fiber communication.

System allows channel demultiplexing to be performed in electrical domain - very economic.

Design of demultiplexer allows sampling rate at receiver to be maintained at single user bitrate, which is very convenient.

Duty-cycle Division Multiplexing (DCDM): A Novel and Economical Optical Multiplexing and Electrical Demultiplexing technique for High Speed Fiber Optics Networks
K. Abdullah, M. F. Abdalla, A. F. Abas, G. Amouzad Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

-M.