Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Germany
India United Kingdom France Portugal Italy Canada (rest of world) World total
36.5
20.6 10.2 9.7 9.1 8.4 8.0 (48.5) 344.8 TWh
10.6
6.0 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.3 (14.1) 100%
[45]
Top 10 countries by nameplate windpower capacity (2011 year-end) Windpower capacity (MW) provisional 62,733 46,919 29,060 21,674 16,084 6,800 6,747 6,540 5,265 4,083
Country
China United States Germany Spain India France Italy United Kingdom Canada Portugal
% world total
26.3 19.7 12.2 9.1 6.7 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.2 1.7
(rest of world)
World total
(32,446)
238,351 MW
(13.8)
100%
Wind Power Fastest growing renewable energy source Globally, it grew at the average rate of 27 % pa over the past 10 years. Drivers of growth Environmental Awareness and Sustainable Development Growing Global Energy Demand Improving Competitiveness of renewable energy Security of Supply Concerns
Introduction
Wind or air in motion contains the kinetic energy", which is converted into mechanical power by means of a wind turbine. wind strikes in wind turbine blade as shown the fig-1. The wind turbine is connected to a generator for producing electricity. The potential for wind energy is immense, and
10
Environmental Benefits
No air pollution No greenhouse gasses No water needed for operations (cooling etc)
11
12
13
Inexhaustible supply
Small, dispersed design
reduces supply risk
14
Cost Benefits
Flat-rate pricing
hedge against fuel price volatility risk
Excess generation can be sold back to power providers for extra money.
15
Others
www.homeenergyproduct.blogspot.com
History
17
The technique of using a sail to capture the wind and utilising its power for propulsion is, in principle, the same today as it was 6,000 years ago, when the first sailing vessels appeared. Sailing vessels are propelled by the differential forces created on each side of a sail when the wind blows across it. The under pressure on the rear side of the sail interacts with the overpressure on the front side to drive the vessel forwards.
It was actually a bubble of air that first helped man to break the hold of gravity and ascend into the clouds. The first passenger carrying balloon lifted off in 1783.
The ships of the air Ballooning had been popular for a couple of centuries.Henri Giffard in 1852 introduced the first airship in the world.
In the winter of 188788, the visionary American inventor Charles F. Brush built the first windmill intended to generate electricity.
The rotor had a diameter of 17 metres and featured 144 cedar rotor blades.
This giant windmill remained in operation for 20 years
24
Many turbines built on the same location is called a Wind Farm. More turbines create more energy.
Wind Turbines
Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn in the moving air and power an electric generator that supplies an electric current. Simply stated, a wind turbine is the opposite of a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity.
2.Vertical Turbine
Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are a type of wind turbine where the main rotor shaft is set vertically and the main components are located at the base of the turbine.
Main rotor shaft in vertical direction. Operates with wind from any direction. Designed for low wind speed. Operates at a low RPM. Lower Vibration levels.
Main rotor shaft in the horizontal direction. Requires a relatively high wind speed. Operates at a high RPM. Higher vibration levels.
32
10
Components
16 17
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Hub controller Pitch cylinder Main shaft Oil cooler Gearbox Top Controller Parking Break Service crane Transformer Blade Hub
12 12
11. Blade bearing 12. Blade 13. Rotor lock system 14. Hydraulic unit 15. Machine foundation 16. Yaw gears 17. Generator 18. Ultra-sonic sensors 19. Meteorological gauges
33
165-220 ft TOWER
2006 5 MW 600
35
The generator is attached at one end to the wind turbine, which provides the mechanical energy. At the other end, the generator is connected to the electrical grid. Wind power generators convert wind energy (mechanical energy) to electrical energy.
The generator needs to have a cooling system to make sure there is no overheating.
For closely spaced towers, efficiency of the entire array becomes worse as more wind turbines are added
39
Recommended spacing is 3-5 rotor diameters between towers in a row and 5-9 diameters between rows
40
Optimum spacing is estimated to be 3-5 rotor diameters between towers and 5-9 between rows
3 D to 5D
5 D to 9D
41
Manufacturing improvements
42
P = * * A * V3
1) Power in the wind is correlated 1:1 with area and is extremely sensitive to wind speed (the cubic amplifies the power significantly)
2)
Height
Wind energy increases with height to the 1/7 power 2X the height translates into 10.4% more electricity
46
10% increase in swept diameter translates into 21% greater swept area Longest blades up to 413 feet in diameter
Resulting in 600 foot total height
47
Betz Limit
Theoretical maximum energy extraction from wind = 16/27 = 59.3% Undisturbed wind velocity reduced by 1/3 Albert Betz (1928)
48
Capacity factor
Since wind speed is not constant, a wind farm's annual energy production is never as much as the sum of the generator nameplate ratings multiplied by the total hours in a year. The ratio of actual productivity in a year to this theoretical maximum is called the capacity factor. Typical capacity factors are 2040%, with values at the upper end of the range in particularly favourable sites.
The capacity factor is simply the wind turbine's actual energy output for the year divided by the energy output if the machine operated at its rated power output for the entire year
Wind turbines rely on the wind, less wind means less electricity. Many people think that they make the countryside look unnatural. The process of manufacturing and transporting the turbines may cause land pollution. When built on shore they can spoil coastline areas and tidal flow patterns, affecting the habitats of marine life and birds.
The average price for large, modern wind farms $1,000 per kilowatt electrical power installed.
is around
3. Modern wind turbines are designed to work for some 120,000 hours of operation throughout their design lifetime of 20 years. ( 13.7 years non-stop) 4. A typical 600 kW turbine costs about $450,000. Maintenance costs are about 1.5-2.0 percent of the original cost, per year.
Conclusion
The questions that fossil fuels cant answer
The worlds energy consumption is expected to increase at least 36% from 2008 to 2035*. Nobody can say for certain how long the finite fossil fuel
resources will last, but its abundantly clear that in the very near future were all
going to become dependent on energy from sustainable sources such as biofuels, the sun, and hydrogen. And, the most promising of all renewable - the power of
the wind.