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Alternating Current
Rotating Coil in a Uniform Magnetic Field A very simple AC generator can consist of a single coil of copper wire being forced to rotate in a uniform magnetic field as shown. At the each end of the wire are connected circular slip rings. Q1. Explain the design and purpose of the slip rings Q2. Why is the coil made from copper wire?
Link: AC Generator Applet
Q3. Explain using Faradays Law why the EMF will vary from maximum to zero as angle (between the normal to the coil and the field plane) goes from 90 to zero (as shown in the diagrams).
Q4. Plot points on the graph of flux linkage against time (for max positive flux linkage, max negative, zero) and draw the line that goes through them. Considering Faradays Law, similarly plot points on the graph of EMF against time and draw the line.
As can be seen from the two graphs, if EMF () is a sinusoidal graph then flux linkage must give a cosine graph. In fact the equations for each are... N = BAN cos (or N = BAN cos t)
= BAN sin
(You do not need to know these equations however they should make sense to you).
Root Mean Square Current In mathematics the Root Mean Square (rms) is a statistical method of determining the magnitude of a quantity that is varying. It can be thought of as a kind of average value. In particular it is useful when dealing with sinusoidal variations (that can be positive or negative) such as induced EMF and current from a rotating coil. For discrete values of any quantity the following formula can be applied:
Clearly the calculated value is the square root of the mean of the squares of the discrete values. Q6. Determine the rms value of current from the following graph using eight successive discrete values:
I (A)
For electrical output from a coil rotating at constant speed in a uniform magnetic field, the following formulae can be applied:
rms = 0
2 Irms = I0 2
Power in AC circuits When calculating the power dissipated in an AC circuit, we use the rms values.
The rms value of an alternating current is identical to the value of direct current that would dissipate power at the same rate through a resistor.
Q7. Determine a formula for average power in an alternating circuit in terms of 0 and I0.
Q8. The rms voltage in Europe is about 230V. Determine the peak voltage value. What will be the rms current value through a 20W fluorescent light bulb?
Transformers
If any two electrical circuits are near to each other, a changing current in one can cause an induced EMF in the other.
A transformer uses changing flux linkage produced by one coil to induce an EMF in the second coil.
Primary coil
Secondary coil
Transformer Calculations
The flux passing through the primary and secondary coils is identical in a 100% efficient transformer.
Q. Explain (using Faradays Law) why having more turns in the secondary than the primary can lead to the voltage being stepped up (increased). The ratio of the turns is equal to the ratio of the voltages:
Vs Ns = Vp Np
Ideal Transformers
A 100% efficient transformer is known as an ideal transformer. In this case all the power on the primary side is transferred to the secondary side.
Thus... IpVp = IsVs (All values are rms values)
Q. If Np < Ns, which of the following are true (rewrite the wrong statements): a. b. c. d. p = s flux linkage is equal in both coils Ip > I s Vp > Vs
Real Transformers
In reality the output power is less than the input power. This could be due to:
- Resistance of wires (causing heat transfer) - Eddy currents in core (causing heat transfer) - Flux leakage (not linking into the secondary coil) - Hysteresis (molecular friction) (causing heat transfer) Q. Suggest a way of decreasing each of the first three losses.
(copper wires; laminated core; improved core design)
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