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GUIDED BY
Dr. N.K. Gandhi Maam
HOD and Professor Dept Of Community Medicine

& Dr. Meeta Jain Maam

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SPECIAL THANKS TO
Dr. Nirmal Verma Sir & Dept of Community Medicine

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PRESENTED BY
Vikas Katiyara Vikram Purwar Renuka Netam Nikhil A. Kumar
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INDEX
Communication Counselling

Definition People involved Approach

Factors Affecting counselling Stages of counselling Counselling skills Outcomes of counselling and issues suitable 7/12/12

COMMUNICATION
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DEFINITION
Communication is the process of transfer of information (including ideas, emotions, knowledge skill and data etc.) from a person or persons to other.

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ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

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TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
method):

One-way communication (Didactic

Flow of communication is one way from communicator to audience. Drawback: a) No feedback b) Knowledge is imposed c) Learning is authoritative 7/12/12

Cont..
Non-verbal Communication:

It is communication through facial expression, gestures, body movement or signals. Combining verbal and non-verbal skill is an art to enrich the process of communication.
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COUNSELLING
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DEFINITION
Counselling is face to face communication by which you help the person to make decision or solve a problem.

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- SUNDERLAL

PEOPLE INVOLVED IN CONSELLING

Counseller Client

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Approach to counselling: GATHER

G: Greet, the client and make comfortable A: Ask, the problems or reasons for coming T: Tell, the choices and options available H: Help, the client make voluntary decision E: Explain, fully the chosen decision R: Revisit, for follow-up
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FACTORS AFFECTING COUNSELLING

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FACTORS AFFECTING COUNSELLING

Structure Setting Client qualities
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Structure Joint understanding between counselor and client regarding the characteristics, conditions, procedures and parameters of counseling. -Clients come to counselor with no idea of what to expect -Counsellor moves forward when client and counselor
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Setting Counselling can occur in any place that provides:

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Privacy Confidentiality Quiet Comfort

Client Qualities Three Rs:

Readiness: Motivation of the client Reluctance: Seen in clients referred for help

by third

party. They are unmotivated

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Counsellor Qualities SOLER S: Sit squarely. Show involvement O: Open posture L: Lean towards client
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STAGES OF COUNSELLING
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STAGES OF COUNSELLING
Rapport and Relationship building Assessment/ Problem definition Goal Setting Initiating intervention
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Rapport And Relationship Building Accurate Empathy Genuineness/Congruence Positive Regard/Respect

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Assessment/ Problem Definition Systematic way to obtain information

about the clients problems, concerns, strengths, resources, and needs.

Foundation for goal-setting and

treatment planning.
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Goal Setting Define desired outcomes Give direction to the counseling process Specify what can and cannot be

accomplished in counseling

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Client motivation

Initiating intervention Affective Cognitive Behavioral

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Interpersonal/Systemic

Termination Clients own their problems and

solutions
Clients develop more useful insight

into problems and issues

Clients acquire new responses to old
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issues

COUNSELLING SKILLS
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A )Listen actively
You have to listen actively. Attentive and active listening is essential. Some guidelines are: - Accept your client as they are. Treat him/her as an individual. - Listen to what your client says and how they say it
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- Keep silent sometimes. Give your client

B) Responding to clients feeling Once you recognize client feeling, let them know in clear and simple words that you understand. It is known as reflecting feelings.

C) Questioning Asking question to understand clearly the 7/12/12 clientss

D) Paraphrasing Repeating in ones own words what the client has said to show one understands.

E) Interpretation Giving back to client the core or basic issue he/she

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is talking around or hinting at. Picking up

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OUTCOMES OF COUNSELLING
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ISSUES SUITABLE FOR COUNSELLING

Bereavement Recovery from trauma Terminal illness Coping with anxiety in major transitions of
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life

Cont

Sexual problems Genetic diseases like Huntingtons, Sickle

Cell

Family planning HIV obligates

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Who is unsuitable for counseling

Not everyone is suitable for counseling.

The person who does not want counselling. Counselling requires the active involvement of clients

The person who consistently externalizes problems on to other people or attributes his/her problems to his/her state of physical health.

Someone who has no insight into his/her condition due to a

personality disorder or severe psychiatric disorder is unlikely to benefit from short-term counselling.

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People with undiagnosed clinical conditions which would

GATHER Approach to Counselling about IUDs the client politely and give them full G: Greet
attention
A: Ask the client about their family planning

needs and obtain information that will help to advise and inform each client individually
T: Tell clients about family planning method.

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List the available family planning methods

Cont.

H: Help the woman decide on a safe method that suits her needs

and plans.

E: Explain how to use the IUD. Once a woman decides to use an IUD,

explain:

When, where and how it will be inserted The common side-effect The slight chance of more serious complication, expulsion or unintended pregnancy Reasons to return to the clinic When a copper or hormone releasing IUD should be replaced

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Counselling in HIV/AIDS
Consists of
Health Promotion Specific protection Psychosocial support

In form of
Pre-test counselling
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Post-test counselling

Counselling in HIV/AIDS
Health Promotion: This involves counseling

those individuals having high risk behavior patterns but not aware of the magnitude and nature of risk involved to their life.
Specific Protection: Those infected with HIV

should be given instructions as ways by which they can prevent the spread of infection to others.
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Goals of counselling in HIV/AIDS

The main steps of preventive counseling are:
Determine whether individual/group has high-

risk behavior pattern

Help people understand and acknowledge

their high-risk behavoiur patterns

Define with them how their lifestyles and self-

image are linked to their behavior

Help individuals define their potential for

changing behavior
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Work with individuals to introduce and sustain

Issues in Pretest Counselling

Consists of two parts:
q Personal history and assessment risk Sexual behavior: multi-partners, prostitutes ,

unprotected sex, homosexuality

Drug users Blood transfusion Organ transplant q Assesment of factors and knowledge
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test is being requested?

Post-test counseling
If test is negative
The client must be cautioned of the window

period
3 months must have elapsed from possible

exposure before a negative test can be considered to mean that there is no infection. months have elapsed after last exposure.

A negative test result becomes a certainty if 6

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If test is positive:

Psychological issues in HIV/AIDS Counselling

Clarifications are to be given regarding the

fears which arise related to illness, death etc.

Stigma attached by society and the

speculations in the minds of people regarding the behavior of those infected with the virus. life, anger and expression of the fact that he has tested positive. It may lead to suicidal thinking.

Generalized anxiety regarding all aspects of

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Take Home Messages

Every client is an individual Counselling is permissive- Individual has

permission to say what they please without being reprimanded or judged

Counselling emphasizes thinking with client; not

for client
All decision making rests with client Counselling is centered on difficulties of client Counselling is a learning situation which
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