Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
A. CURS SIGURANTA
Cap. 1
(28 ore)
Histograme de frecvente
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Cap. 2
Cap. 3
Insuficiente de proiectare
Cap. 4
Page 2 of3
Cap.S
Cap. 6
Cap. 7
Cap. 8
Cap. 9
Frecventainspectilor
Metode de inspectie tehnica
Continutul raportului de inspectie
Ghiduri, manuale
Cap. 10
Cap. 11
Page 3 of3
B. LUCRARI
(28 ore)
Stabilirea parametrilor statistici de baza , a rezistentelor de proiectare pentru beton si armature functii de repartitie uzuale pentru rezistenta materaiale de baza. (4 ore)
-.
(4 ore)
de tip
r">
f(x)
-----
0,5
0,4
0,3
I(x)
-J21UJ
DENSITATE
jx-~l
27
PUNCT DE INFLEXIUNE
," 68,26% .,
0,2
95,J5%
0,1
DE REPARTITIE
. ,
9 9,13 Yo
x-3a
-3
x-2a-2 x-a
I
_IX I
0,6745~
I
x x + 0,67145a
I
-1
F(x)
DENSITATE DE REPARTITIE
1,0 -------------
0,75
0,50
----
- -------
-- ---
(x-~L
--n~)~~~I~~-2ardL----
--
--
------
-\
---
.
PUNeT DE INFLEXIUNE
---
-- -------------
'
0,25
,
x-20"
x-30"
-3
-2
x-O,67450"
-1I
x+20"
"
X,
x +30"
x+20"
x+O,67450"
,:)
I
x-x
y=--
Expresii analitice
1
I(x) =
2
Domeniul de definitie
Functia de repartitie
4
5
6
7
Coeficientul de exces
0--J2;r
-oo<x<+oo;
jx-~l
20-
0->0
x jX-~Ldx
2
1
F(x) =
,.............,
.e
0--J2;r
Ie
20-
-00
x=x=x
V=o-/x
jji;
=0
Estimarea parametrilor (x si
CT)
X=
LXi
i=I
-.
a.
1+-------+-----~---
DENSITATE DE REPARTITIE
O,5,-J---=-=t'rt::--r---t-----t--------t---
x-
F(x)
1
FUNCTIA DE REPARTITIE
R(x
1
(jx-
FUNCTIA DE REABILITATE
=0,5
0,5
hex)
3
x
(jx-
=0,5
FUNCTIA DE RISC
fCy)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
0.00
0.3989
0.3970
0.3910
0.3814
0.3683
0.3521
0.3332
0.3123
0.2897
0.2661
0.2420
0.2179
0.1942
0.1714
0.1497
0.1295
0.1109
0.09405
0.07895
0.06562
0.05399
0.01753
0.00443
0.000873
0.000134
0.00000149
0.01
0.3989
0.3965
0.3902
0.3802
0.3668
0.3503
0.3312
0.3101
0.2874
0.2637
0.2396
0.2155
0.1919
0.1691
0.1476
0.1276
0.1092
0.09246
0.07754
0.06438
0.02
0.3989
0.3961
0.3894
0.3790
0.3653
0.3485
0.3292
0.3079
0.2850
0.2613
0.2371
0.2131
0.1895
0.1669
0.1456
0.1257
0.1074
0.09089
0.07614
0.06316
repartitie normala
=
_1_e-y2
-J21l
0.03
0.3988
0.3956
0.3885
0.3778
0.3637
0.3467
0.3271
0.3056
0.2827
0.2589
0.2347
0.2107
0.1872
0.1647
0.1435
0.1238
0.1057
0.08933
0.07477
0.06195
/2
0.04
0.3986
0.3951
0.3876
0.3765
0.3621
0.3448
0.3251
0.3034
0.2803
0.2565
0.2323
0.2083
0.1849
0.1626
0.1415
0.1219
0.1040
0.08780
0.07341
0.06077
x-x
y=-a
0.05
0.3984
0.3945
0.3867
0.3752
0.3605
0.3429
0.3230
0.3011
0.2780
0.2541
0.2299
0.2059
0.1826
0.1604
0.1394
0.1200
0.1023
0.08628
0.07206
0.05959
0.06
0.3982
0.3939
0.3857
0.3739
0.3589
0.3410
0.3209
0.2989
0.2756
0.2516
0.2275
0.2036
0.1804
0.1582
0.1374
0.1182
0.1006
0.08478
0.07074
0.05844
0.07
0.3980
0.3932
0.3847
0.3725
0.3572
0.3391
0.3187
0.2966
0.2732
0.2492
0.2251
0.2012
0.1781
0.1561
0.1354
0.1163
0.0983
0.08329
0.06943
0.05730
0.08
0.3977
0.3925
0.3836
0.3712
0.3555
0.3372
0.3166
0.2943
0.2709
0.2468
0.2227
0.1989
0.1758
0.1539
0.1334
0.1145
0.09728
0.08183
0.06814
0.05618
0.09
0.3973
0.3918
0.3825
0.3697
0.3538
0.3352
0.3144
0.2920
0.2685
0.2444
0.2203
0.1965
0.1736
0.1518
0.1315
0.1127
0.09566
0.08038
0.6687
0.05508
F(y)
y
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554
0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159
0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.90320
0.91924
0.93319
0.94520
0.95543
0.96407
0.97128
0.97725
0.98214
0.98610
0.98928
0.99180
0.99379
0.99865
0.999767
0.9999683
0.9999966
0.99999971
0.99999999981
0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591
0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186
0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.90490
0.92073
0.93448
0.94630
0.95637
0.96485
0.97133
epartitie normala
0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628
0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212
0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.90658
0.92220
0.93574
0.94738
0.95728
0.96562
0.97257
~
-V 2iC
J r
2/2
dy
x-x
y=--
-00
0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664
0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238
0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.90824
0.92364
0.93699
0.94845
0.95818
0.96638
0.97320
0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700
0.7054
0.7389
0.7703
0.7995
0.8264
0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.90988
0.92507
0.93822
0.94950
0.95907
0.96712
0.97381
0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736
0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289
0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.91149
0.92647
0.93943
0.95053
0.95994
0.96784
0.97441
0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772
0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315
0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.91309
0.92785
0.94062
0.95154
0.96080
0.96856
0.97500
0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6446
0.6808
0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340
0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.91466
0.92922
0.94179
0.95254
0.96164
0.96926
0.97558
0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844
0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365
0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.91621
0.93056
0.94295
0.95352
0.96246
0.96995
0.97615
0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879
0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389
0.8621
0.8830
0.90147
0.91774
0.93189
0.94408
0.95449
0.96327
0.97062
0.97670
Cateva valori specifice repartitiei normale (vezi si fig. 7.19) sunt urmatoarele:
(7.177)
(7.198)
0-
= _1_e-i12
-J2n
F(y)
I
=
....;27r
fe-
(7.199)
/2
dy
-00
Repartitia normal a redusa (normata sau standardizata) are media zero si abaterea
unu,
y=o
Valorile lui fey) si F(y) sunt date in tabelul 7.2.
-
(7.200)
In functie de marimea probabilitatii p prin care se definesc cuantilii x,
500/0
49%
48%
47%
46%
450/0
44%
43%
42%
41%
40%
39%
38%
37%
36%
, 35%
34%
33%
,,-,
0.000
0.025
0.051
0.075
0.100
0.125
0.150
0.176
0.202
0.228
0.254
0.279
0.306
0.332
0.358
0.385
0.412
0.440
34%
31%
30%
29%
28%
27%
26%
25%
24%
23%
22%
21%
20%
19%
18%
17%
16%
15%
0.468
0.496
0.524
0.553
0.583
0.613
0.643
0.674
0.706
0.739
0.772
0.806
0.842
0.878
0.915
0.954
0.995
1.036
14%
13%
12%
11%
10%
9%
8%
7%
6%
5%
4%
3%
2%
1%
0.1%
0.01%
0.001%
K
1.080
1.126
l.175
1.227
1.281
1.341
1.405
1.476
1.555
1.645
l.751
1.881
2.054
2.326
3.090
3.720 '
4.265
In cele ce urmeaza sunt infatisate doua aplicatii ale repartitiei normale pentru
rezistentele otelurilor si respectiv betoanelor.
Aplicatie 7.1. Repartitia normala pentru rezistentele de curgere ale otelului
OL44; tabele cu grosimi 17-40 mm.
In tabelul 7.4, coloanel1-6 sunt date dupa lucrarea [3.20], pentru productia de
hotel a Combinatului Siderurgic Galati pe primele 6 luni ale anului 1968, rezultatele
incercarilor de tractiune (pentru rezistenta de curgere) efectuate la I.C.C.F. pentru
otelul sudabil OL 44 (tabele cu grosimi 17 - 40 mm).
In coloanele 7 - 9 sunt calculate media aritmetica si abaterea standard a
rezistentelor de curgere.
X
= 33,02kgf / mm
= 2,94kgf / mm2
v=~ =
2,94 = 0 088 = 8 8%
33,02'
,
y=-(J
f(x)
28,68
.J2i. 2,94 e
1
f(x)=-e
7,34
(x-33,023?
17,36
(7.201)
F(x)
f f(x)dx
-00
Ie
= _1_
737
'
(x-33,023)2
17,36
dx
-00
Sl
f (x) . /1 = f(y) . -
(J
)
TabeluI7.12.
Gruparea rezistentelor
kgf/mm2
Intervalul
de grupare
~=2
kgf/mm2
Valoarea
centrala a
intervalului
Xj
1
26-28
28-30
30-32
32-34
34-36
36-38
38-40
40-42
2
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
~~
~ ~
~
u-
u
~
u 0
~ ~
;""c
~ :=
0
fIl
;",.Q
3
13
104
182
164
142
81
28
12
4
13
117
299
463
605
686
714
726
;,,-
5
0.018
0.143
0.252
0.226
0.195
0.111
0.039
0.016
x si
(J",
Repartitia normala
pentru variabila redusa
-
x-x
Repartitia normala
pentru variabila
x
y=-a-
.~ .
= = .~'" ~~- =-~~=
~~ e= ~~ = ~ =
~=;.0~
Media aritmetica
abaterea standard
Kgf/cm2
;.0 ~
~
u
~;" ;"~
fjXj
(Xi -
6
0.018
0.161
0.413
0.639
0.834
0.945
0.985
1.000
7
48.6
4.15
7.81
7.48
6.82
4.10
1.51
0,657
8
36
16
4
0
4
16
36
42
xl
J;~i
-xl
9
0.649
2.28
1.008
0
0.78
0.78
0.41
0.785
y=-'-
f(y)
F(y)
Ll
f(y)a-
10
-2.04
-1.36
-0.68
0
+0.68
+1.36
+2.04
+2.72
11
0.05
0.159
0.316
0.3989
0.316
0.159
0.05
0.0099
12
0.0207
0.0869
0.2483
0.5000
0.7517
0.9131
0.9793
0.9967
13
0.034
0.104
0.215
0.272
0.215
0.104
0.034
0.0067
x -x
a
F(x)=F(y)
14
0.0207
0.0869
0.2483
0.5000
0.7517
0.9131
0.9798
0.9967
a-=
---
Xl
% = x(l- 2,326,0,088)=
X2,3 %
X5
XIO
XIS
(7.204)
kgf/cm2
= 33,3
kg[ / em"
Coeficientul de variatie este in consecinta
(J'
v=~
X
= 33,3 =
2,70'
123 = 123%
,
y=--
cr
10
TabeluI7.12.
Repartitia no.
Frecventele rezistentelor
Gruparea rezistentelor
kgf/mm2
Intervalul
de grupare
1\=2
kgflmm2
1
190-204
204-218
218-232
232-246
246-260
260-274
274-288
288-302
302-316
316-330
330-344
344-358
358-372
Valoarea
centrala a
intervalului
Xj
2
197
211
225
239
253
267
281
295
309
323
337
351
365
~~
~ ....
~
~~~
=~ ....=
,..
~=
=
~
........
~
~
=
~
=
.
...
,..- .,.- ~~,.. ......~ =~.,.
~ oS a
~ "-l
~ "-l
~
e ~=
x si
(J,
x-x
Repartitia normala
pentru variabila
x
y=-a
~ ~
~ 0
Ioc.c
f;;I;c
3
1
6
10
19
30
27
26
19
17
5
2
1
1
~ 0
Ioc"c
IiIo4 ~
4
0.0060
0.0367
0.0610
0.1160
0.1830
0.1650
0.1590
0.1160
0.1030
0.0303
0.0120
0.0060
0.0060
IocIiIo4
5
1
7
17
36
66
93
119
138
155
160
162
163
164
6
0.0060
0.0427
0.1037
0.2197
0.4027
0.5677
0.7267
0.8427
0.9457
0.9760
0.9887
0.9940
1.0000
(Xi -~)
fjxj
.t;(xi -~)
Ioc ~
x-x
y=-'-
f(y)
F(y)
f(y)-
(J"
F(x)=F(y)
(J"
7
1.18
7.75
13.73
27.70
46.30
44.10
44.70
34.20
31.80
9.80
4.05
2.10
2.20
8
5329
3481
2025
961
289
9
121
625
1521
2809
4489
6561
9025
9
32
128
220
118
53
1.5
19
73
157
85
54
39
55
10
-2.21
-1.78
-1.35
-0.93
-0.51
-0.09
+0.33
+0.75
+1.17
+1.59
+2.00
+2.40
+2.85
11
0.0347
0.0818
0.1604
0.2589
0.3521
0.3973
0.3778
0.3011
0.2012
0.1127
0.0540
0.224
0.0069
12
0.0136
0.0375
0.0885
0.1762
0.3050
0.4641
0.6293
0.7734
0.8790
0.9441
0.9773
0.9918
0.9978
13
0.0150
0.0349
0.067
0.109
0.148
0.169
0.159
0.126
0.085
0.047
0.023
0.009
0.003
14
0.0136
0.0375
0.0885
0.1762
0.3050
0.4641
0.6293
0.7734
0.8790
0.9441
0.9773
0.9918
0.9988
i=l
11
= -J2:r.
f(x)
)2
233,3
33,3 e
(x-270 )2
2220
f(x)=-e
83,5
(7.205)
F(x)
I f(x)dx
=-
Ie
83,5 -00
-00
(x-270?
2220
dx
(7.206)
Cuantilii 1%, 2%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15% etc. se pot calcula cu formula
(7.200) cu valorile K conform tabelului 7.3.
12
X1%
X1%
X2%
X5%
XlO%
X15%
(7.207)
K = x-xp
a
= 270-312
33,3
=~=1,74
33,3
= 4%.
13
g(X)_g(X)2
F(x) =
fe
.
CJg(x) -J27r
2
20"g(x)
-00
(7.209)
g(x)-g(x)
I(x) =
.e
20"i(x)
dg(x)
clt
CJg(x)-J27r
unde -
00
CJ g(x)
In x
(7.211)
prm urmare
x
F(x)
-J 27r
CJ lnx
I)(x
. d(lnx)
2 O"lnx
2
.e
=
0"
. J'e
(lnx-~f
d(lnx)
(In;:~L
lnx
dx
-J2Jr
1nx
respectiv
x
F(x) =
I
CJ Inx -J21r
f(x)
fl-e
20"2
lnxdx
0X
(7.210)
(lnx-liiXL
I
X O"lnx
(lnx-liiXf
-J 27r
2
20"lnx
-dx
14
Tbl176R
a eo
Nr.
crt.
1
,.
.."..-......,
..
Proprietati
ale
repartitiei
Densitatea
repartitie
Expresii analitice
de
f(x)
Funetia de
repartitie
CTlnx
Media
Mediana
8
9
~
-
lnx
10
= 3 + (ea- 1nx
2
(e3a- 1nx
Estimarea
parametrilor
repartitiei
(In x si (jInx)
~)nxi
i=l
.J7i; = V; + 3V
f32> 3
Repartitia
leotoeurtiea
G = ~ Xl
-r
~n ( Inx, -Inx
Inx=\
~=~l+V;
x
Parametrul In x al
repartitiei este
media geometriea a
variabilei Xi definita
In X=
X2 X3 .
Xn
Prin logaritmare se
obtine
InG
i-I
~3
+ 3e2.a-21nx + 6ea-2lnx + 6)
-1).
-1)
x=x
V = ~ea2lnX -1
Coeficientul
de oblicitate
-2
=e
= ~ e(21nx+o-21nx) . (eo-21nx
+00
ax
<x<
Intre media x ,
modul
si
mediana
exista
urmatoarea relatie:
Inx+o-21nx/2
x=e
o
(jInx
dx
Inx-o-2lnx
x =e
Abaterea
standard a
variabilei x
Coefieientul
de variatie al
variabilei x
Coefieientul
de exees
2a-~x
.j2;'
f-e
2:r OX
X
6
(lnx-lnrf
xL
2a-2lnr
x . O"lnx..J2:r
1
F(x)
Observatii
(Inx-In
Modul
epar ff
I ia Iog-Dorma Ia
=-
~)nXi =
i=1
= ln x
15
f(x)
4+-----~---r----+---~-
3+-~--~---+----4---~-
DENSITATEA
DE REPARTITIE
---+-
, crx =0,1
ox, =0 5
i o, =1
o, =0,5
X=O
x=O-+-I
x=O
x=1
0
2
F(x)
1
FUNCTIA DE REPARTITIE
0,5
o~~---+----~--~__
2
R(x)
1~~~~------------FUNCTIA DE REABILITATE
h(x)
2+-~~----+---~--FUNCTIA DE RISC
o~~~~----~---__
4
6
2
x
16